{"id":256,"date":"2014-08-28T10:03:00","date_gmt":"2014-08-28T08:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/snorreks.wordpress.com\/?p=256"},"modified":"2016-01-05T08:03:34","modified_gmt":"2016-01-05T08:03:34","slug":"eseja-par-islandiesu-sagam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/2014\/08\/28\/eseja-par-islandiesu-sagam\/","title":{"rendered":"Eseja par islandie\u0161u s\u0101g\u0101m"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"4248708_ORIGINAL_1327651894.jpg\"<\/a>Dz\u012bvoju pils\u0113t\u0101, kur bie\u017ei l\u012bst. Ta\u010du laika apst\u0101k\u013ciem piem\u0113rotu dr\u0113bju man tikpat k\u0101 nekad nav. Lietus laik\u0101 pieliju\u0161iem matiem pa ce\u013cam uz universit\u0101ti eju cauri Bergenas iepirk\u0161an\u0101s centram, lai vismaz uz p\u0101ris min\u016bt\u012bt\u0113m pab\u016btu sausum\u0101 un siltum\u0101. Bie\u017ei vien uz sola iepretim kancelejas pre\u010du veikalam s\u0113\u017e divi ve\u010di, uz kuriem neuzkr\u012bto\u0161i noskatos. Abiem gadu asto\u0146desmit. Abu sejas liecina par bag\u0101tu dz\u012bvi. Gar\u0101kais vienm\u0113r n\u0113s\u0101 na\u0123eni, bet otrs m\u0113dz smiedams liekties uz priek\u0161u. Man pietr\u016bkst drosmes, cit\u0101di b\u016btu apst\u0101jies, aps\u0113dies vi\u0146iem blak\u0101m un pal\u016bdzis \u2013 past\u0101stiet! Arvien bie\u017e\u0101k skatos uz cilv\u0113ku k\u0101 d\u0101rgumu l\u0101di ar st\u0101stiem. Jo vec\u0101ks cilv\u0113ks, jo liel\u0101ka l\u0101de. Nezinu, k\u0101p\u0113c nesp\u0113ju sad\u016b\u0161oties. Gan jau vi\u0146i labpr\u0101t man past\u0101st\u012btu par savu dz\u012bvi \u2013 patiesus st\u0101stus vai peksti\u0146us. Nav svar\u012bgi. Svar\u012bgs ir st\u0101sts. Dz\u012bvais cilv\u0113ks, kas st\u0101sta, m\u016bs visus saista. Tas var b\u016bt sirmgalvis, kas atminas dz\u012bvi, visas pieredz\u0113t\u0101s b\u0113das, laimes mirk\u013cus un pagrieziena punktus. Draugs, kas izst\u0101sta k\u0101du smiekl\u012bgu atgad\u012bjumu. Mamma vai t\u0113tis, kas lasa priek\u0161\u0101 no gr\u0101matas. Dz\u012bv\u0101 cilv\u0113ka st\u0101st\u012btais m\u016bs saista. T\u0101 bija ar\u012b senaj\u0101 Island\u0113.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0101rds\u00a0s\u0101ga<\/i>\u00a0ir darin\u0101ts no senskandin\u0101vu darb\u012bbas v\u0101rda\u00a0segja,\u00a0<\/i>kas noz\u012bm\u0113 \u2018teikt\u2019, un etimolo\u0123iski saist\u012bts ar\u012b ar v\u0101rdu \u2018sac\u012bt\u2019. S\u0101gas ir kaut kas past\u0101st\u012bts, s\u0101gas ir st\u0101sti. Par s\u0101gu var\u0113tu d\u0113v\u0113t gar\u0101ku islandie\u0161u viduslaiku prozas darbu, bet, protams, ar to gau\u017e\u0101m maz ir teikts. Lai var\u0113tu pateikt vair\u0101k, vajag vair\u0101k v\u0101rdu. Un v\u0101rdi veido \u0161o tekstu.<\/p>\n

S\u0101ga nav nek\u0101ds nedzird\u0113ts vai latvie\u0161iem gr\u016bti izrun\u0101jams v\u0101rds. P\u0113d\u0113jos gados to latviski dzird, run\u0101jot par Stef\u0101nijas Meieres\u00a0Kr\u0113slas<\/i>\u00a0s\u0101gu, St\u012bga L\u0101r\u0161ona\u00a0Millenium<\/i>\u00a0s\u0101gu, Harija Potera s\u0101gu, Tolk\u012bna\u00a0Gredzenu pav\u0113lnieka<\/i>\u00a0s\u0101gu. Pres\u0113 daudz rakst\u012bts par\u00a0airBaltic<\/i>\u00a0s\u0101gu. Visos \u0161ajos gad\u012bjumos ir runa par garu notikumu virkn\u0113jumu gr\u0101mat\u0101, film\u0101 vai \u2013\u00a0airBaltic<\/i>\u00a0gad\u012bjum\u0101 \u2013 faktiem iz re\u0101l\u0101s dz\u012bves. Tai vis\u0101 ir ar\u012b zin\u0101ma l\u012bdz\u012bba ar \u012bstaj\u0101m s\u0101g\u0101m.<\/p>\n

S\u0101ga ir liter\u0101rs \u017eanrs. Pavisam \u012bpa\u0161s \u017eanrs pasaules literat\u016br\u0101, lappu\u0161u skaita zi\u0146\u0101 ne p\u0101r\u0101k apjom\u012bgs un \u012bpa\u0161i saist\u012bts ar vienu mazu tautu. L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 latvie\u0161iem, kuriem dainas ir nacion\u0101l\u0101s identit\u0101tes un nacion\u0101l\u0101 z\u012bmola sast\u0101vda\u013ca, ar\u012b islandie\u0161iem ir savs lepnums \u2013 s\u0101gas, un vi\u0146i ar\u012b nekautr\u0113jas skandin\u0101t, ka Islande ir s\u0101gu sala. Par sp\u012bti tam, ka s\u0101gu autori bie\u017ei vien nav zin\u0101mi, s\u0101gas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no dain\u0101m tom\u0113r neb\u016btu glu\u017ei ierindojamas pie folkloras, bet gan pie dai\u013cliterat\u016bras, ja nu mums rastos vajadz\u012bba vilkt \u017eanru robe\u017eas.<\/p>\n

S\u0101gu iedal\u012bjums<\/b><\/p>\n

S\u0101gas \u017eanra darbus var iedal\u012bt vair\u0101kos veidos. Par izejas punktu var \u0146emt vietu, kur t\u0101s radu\u0161\u0101s \u2013 Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 vai Island\u0113. Protams, var pr\u0101tot par to, vai j\u016bra starp \u0161\u012bm zem\u0113m un tas vien, ka m\u016bsdien\u0101s ir divas n\u0101cijas, ir pietiekams iemesls, lai tik stingri \u0161\u0137irtu, jo sakari s\u0101gu tap\u0161anas laik\u0101 bija itin cie\u0161i. J\u0101patur pr\u0101t\u0101, ka islandie\u0161i pa\u0161i tikai p\u0101rsimt gadus agr\u0101k bija ieradu\u0161ies no Norv\u0113\u0123ijas, vi\u0146i run\u0101ja un rakst\u012bja vien\u0101 valod\u0101 ar norv\u0113\u0123iem. Bet Norv\u0113\u0123ijai rakstur\u012bgas ir kara\u013cs\u0101gas par Norv\u0113\u0123ijas kara\u013ciem, kurpretim Islandei ir \u012bpa\u0161s apak\u0161\u017eanrs, kas att\u012bst\u012bj\u0101s mazliet v\u0113l\u0101k \u2013 t\u0101s saucam\u0101s islandie\u0161u s\u0101gas.<\/p>\n

Bie\u017ei vien s\u0101gas iedala p\u0113c darb\u012bbas vietas un laika. Kara\u013cs\u0101gas par Norv\u0113\u0123ijas kara\u013ciem noris laikposm\u0101 no visdzi\u013c\u0101k\u0101s senatnes l\u012bdz s\u0101gu rakst\u012b\u0161anas laikam, bet p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s s\u0101gas raksturo laiks, kad notiek darb\u012bba.\u00a0Senlaiku s\u0101g\u0101s\u00a0<\/i>st\u0101st\u012bts par laikposmu v\u0113l pirms skandin\u0101vu apme\u0161an\u0101s Island\u0113, t\u0101p\u0113c darb\u012bba notiek ar\u012b Skandin\u0101vij\u0101 un citur. V\u0113l ir\u00a0laikabiedru s\u0101gas,\u00a0<\/i>kas norisin\u0101s s\u0101gu pierakst\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101, t.i., p\u0113c 1100. gada, un taj\u0101s bie\u017ei v\u0113st\u012bts par t\u0101laika b\u012bskapiem. Laika zi\u0146\u0101 pa vidu \u0161\u012bm div\u0101m grup\u0101m ir jau min\u0113t\u0101s\u00a0islandie\u0161u s\u0101gas \u2013\u00a0<\/i>t\u0101m pieskait\u0101ma ar\u012b Ingas B\u0113rzi\u0146as tulkot\u0101 Hravnkela Freijgodes s\u0101ga.\u00a0Islandie\u0161u s\u0101gas<\/i>\u00a0ir dzimtu s\u0101gas par \u013caud\u012bm, kas dz\u012bvoja Island\u0113 pirmaj\u0101 pusotr\u0101 gadsimten\u012b p\u0113c salas koloniz\u0113\u0161anas. S\u0101gas v\u0113sta par dzimtu vair\u0101k\u0101s paaudz\u0113s vai ar\u012b par vienu cilv\u0113ku, par vi\u0146a dz\u012bvesg\u0101jumu. T\u0101s st\u0101sta par v\u0113sturisk\u0101m, re\u0101l\u0101m person\u0101m, par zemniekiem un str\u0101dniekiem, vikingiem un tirgo\u0146iem, skaldiem un vergiem, v\u012brie\u0161iem un sieviet\u0113m. Par islandie\u0161u s\u0101g\u0101m t\u0101s sauc t\u0101p\u0113c, ka t\u0101s v\u0113sta par islandie\u0161iem un raksturo laikmetu, kad islandie\u0161u sabiedr\u012bba v\u0113l tikai veidoj\u0101s. Islandie\u0161u s\u0101gu tap\u0161anas posms ir no 13. gs. s\u0101kuma l\u012bdz 14. gs. vidum \u2013 t\u0101tad p\u0101rsimt gadus p\u0113c notikumiem, par kuriem t\u0101s v\u0113sta. Tie\u0161i \u0161\u012bm s\u0101g\u0101m, no kur\u0101m ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s ap tr\u012bsdesmit (ja pieskait\u0101m v\u0113l da\u017eus \u012bs\u0101kus tekstus, tad uz pusi vair\u0101k), \u0161ai tekst\u0101 piev\u0113rs\u012b\u0161os visvair\u0101k.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u0137ietamais autor\u012bbas tr\u016bkums<\/b><\/p>\n

Man uz rakst\u0101mgalda st\u0101v lampa. Liela, ov\u0101la. T\u0101 ir no septi\u0146desmitajiem gadiem un sav\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 atg\u0101dina NLO. Jauka d\u0101vana \u2013 k\u0101ds labs draugs to atvilka nez no kurienes, laikam jau m\u0101kslas akad\u0113mijas b\u0113ni\u0146iem. Pr\u0101tojot par to, n\u0101kas secin\u0101t, ka lampas izskats man sniedz ne maz\u0101ku est\u0113tisku baud\u012bjumu k\u0101 da\u017es labs dzejolis vai novele. Bet, ja es tagad grib\u0113tu noskaidrot, kas izstr\u0101d\u0101jis \u0161\u012bs lampas dizainu, mani sagaid\u012btu elles darbs, un neb\u016btu nemaz\u0101k\u0101s jausmas, kur \u0161\u012bs zi\u0146as mekl\u0113t. Katr\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 man\u0101 gr\u0101matplaukt\u0101 nest\u0101v \u201ePadomju lampu dizaina enciklop\u0113dija\u201d trijos s\u0113jumos. Un j\u0101teic, ka mums ir daudz \u0161\u0101das m\u0101kslas apk\u0101rt. Vai zin\u0101m, k\u0101 sauc komponistu jaun\u0101kajiem hitiem, kas pielipu\u0161i simtiem miljoniem cilv\u0113kiem vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113? Bet kur\u0161 uzrakst\u012bjis p\u0113d\u0113jo rom\u0101nu, kuru ar baudu izlas\u012bj\u0101m \u2013 to gan zin\u0101m. M\u016bsdien\u0101s ir m\u0101kslinieki, kas ir anon\u012bm\u0101ki par citiem. Bet rakstnieks reti kad ir starp anon\u012bmajiem. Protams, atrad\u012bsies k\u0101ds emu\u0101rists, da\u017ea laba gr\u0101mata izdota ar pseidon\u012bmu, bet tom\u0113r. M\u016bsdienu literat\u016br\u0101 autors ir svar\u012bgs \u2013 vi\u0146u aicina uz gr\u0101matas atv\u0113r\u0161anas sv\u0113tkiem, uz skol\u0101m tikties skol\u0113niem aktu z\u0101l\u0113, vi\u0146\u0161 sniedz intervijas telev\u012bzij\u0101 un radio. \u0160\u0101du uzman\u012bbu prozas autors viduslaiku Island\u0113 nebaud\u012bja. Un p\u0113c t\u0101das ar\u012b nek\u0101roja. Tolaik prozas rakstnieks bie\u017ei palika nezin\u0101ms, krasi at\u0161\u0137irdamies no m\u016bsdienu autora ne vien ar anonimit\u0101ti, bet ar\u012b rakstnieka lomu gala produkta tap\u0161an\u0101. Senais rakstnieks vienlaikus var\u0113ja b\u016bt ori\u0123in\u0101ldarba autors, mutv\u0101rdu pierakst\u012bt\u0101js, tekstu apkopot\u0101js, redaktors un ar\u012b m\u0101kslinieks-noform\u0113t\u0101js.<\/p>\n

T\u0101l\u0101 senatn\u0113 Zieme\u013cvalst\u012bs vien\u012bg\u0101 rakst\u012bba bija sam\u0113r\u0101 skopie r\u016bnu iegrebumi, un nevar \u012bsti run\u0101t par \u012bpa\u0161u rakst\u012bbas noz\u012bmi sabiedr\u012bb\u0101, pirms n\u0101ca kristiet\u012bba un jauna tehnolo\u0123ija, kad ar tinti s\u0101ka rakst\u012bt lat\u012b\u0146u burtus uz te\u013c\u0101d\u0101m. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no mutv\u0101rdu literat\u016bras sabiedr\u012bbas ar rakst\u012bbu darbs nav j\u0101p\u0101rrada \u2013 p\u0113c uzrakst\u012b\u0161anas darbs eksist\u0113 fiziski. T\u0101laika situ\u0101cija tom\u0113r at\u0161\u0137iras ne vien no pirmskristie\u0161u perioda, bet ar\u012b no m\u016bsdien\u0101m, kad gr\u0101matas tiek izdotas lielos metienos. Lielpils\u0113tu mikrorajonu daudzdz\u012bvok\u013cu namos atrodam\u0101s \u0123imenes bibliot\u0113kas \u00a0apjoma zi\u0146\u0101 krietni vien p\u0101rsp\u0113j viduslaiku klostera kr\u0101jumus. S\u0101gas un citus tekstus pierakst\u012bja las\u012b\u0161anai priek\u0161\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, senskandin\u0101vu v\u0113stules ievad\u012bja ar sveicienu gan tiem, kas v\u0113stuli\u00a0redz<\/i>, gan tiem, kas v\u0113stuli\u00a0dzird<\/i>. Las\u012b\u0161ana priek\u0161\u0101 bija izklaide Islandes bag\u0101taj\u0101s viens\u0113t\u0101s. Bet k\u0101p\u0113c bag\u0101taj\u0101s? Rakst\u012bt, likt rakst\u012bt vai tur\u0113t \u012bpa\u0161um\u0101 manuskriptus tajos laikos b\u016btu varb\u016bt tas pats, kas m\u016bsdien\u0101s at\u013cauties ko\u0161i sarkanu\u00a0Ferrari<\/i>. Kas t\u0101ds ne katram ir pa kabatai. Skaidra lieta, ka manuskriptu rakst\u012b\u0161ana bija laikietilp\u012bgs un d\u0101rgs darbs. Pap\u012bra nebija, un te\u013c\u0101da nav nek\u0101ds l\u0113tais prieks. Nodarbo\u0161an\u0101s ar rakst\u012b\u0161anu un gr\u0101matu tur\u0113\u0161ana sav\u0101 \u012bpa\u0161um\u0101 noteikti saist\u012bj\u0101s ar lielu presti\u017eu.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 k\u0101 darbus p\u0101rrakst\u012bja, katrs eksempl\u0101rs bija unik\u0101ls, k\u0101 d\u0113\u013c vair\u0101kas s\u0101gas eksist\u0113 da\u017e\u0101dos variantos. Prec\u012bza kopija jau ar\u012b nebija nek\u0101ds m\u0113r\u0137is. Rakst\u012bt\u0101js kaut ko pierakst\u012bja kl\u0101t un, ja apnika rakst\u012bt, tad kaut ko izlaida. Autorties\u012bbu nebija, turkl\u0101t rakst\u012bt\u0101ji mudin\u0101ja savus p\u0101rrakst\u012bt\u0101jus darbu uzlabot, ja vi\u0146iem lik\u0101s, ka p\u0101rrakst\u012bt\u0101ji var\u0113tu lab\u0101k zin\u0101t, k\u0101 tur \u012bsten\u012bb\u0101 bijis, t\u0101 liecinot par mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcijas kl\u0101tb\u016btni. \u0160\u0101du uzlabojumu m\u0113r\u0137is bija pan\u0101kt, lai tekst\u0101 st\u0101st\u012btais p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas tuvotos paties\u012bbai. Lai ar\u012b \u0161ur tur par\u0101d\u0101s pa burvest\u012bbai, k\u0101ds trollis vai kas cits, kas varb\u016bt neatbilst m\u016bsu izpratnei par to, kas pasaul\u0113 var notikt, islandie\u0161u s\u0101gu autors un vi\u0146a m\u0113r\u0137auditorija tic\u0113ja v\u0113st\u012bjumam. Tolaik t\u0101 nebija nek\u0101da fikcija.<\/p>\n

S\u0101gu p\u0113tniec\u012bbas v\u0113stur\u0113 figur\u0113 da\u017e\u0101di viedok\u013ci par s\u0101gas autoriem. Ir izskan\u0113ju\u0161i apgalvojumi, ka s\u0101gas ir pierakst\u012bta mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcija un b\u016btu pieskait\u0101mas pie folkloras, jo, raugi, esot biju\u0161i s\u0101gas st\u0101st\u012bt\u0101ji, kas veselas s\u0101gas iem\u0101c\u012bju\u0161ies no galvas un st\u0101st\u012bju\u0161i. J\u0101atg\u0101dina jau piemin\u0113tais apst\u0101klis, ka autori ir anon\u012bmi. Bet vair\u0101k\u0101m s\u0101g\u0101m ir diezgan kompleksa forma, un past\u0101v ar\u012b cits viedoklis, proti, ka s\u0101gas sak\u0146ojas \u012bsos mutv\u0101rdu st\u0101stos, ko autors savirkn\u0113jis kop\u0101. Ar\u012b s\u0101gu stils kalpojis par argumentu tam, ka s\u0101gas ir c\u0113lu\u0161\u0101s no mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcijas. Savuk\u0101rt islandie\u0161u p\u0113tnieki centu\u0161ies pier\u0101d\u012bt pret\u0113jo, proti, ka s\u0101gas ir rado\u0161a autora garadarbs. Nav divu domu par to, ka mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcijai ir sava loma, bet t\u0101pat sava loma ir ar\u012b autora dai\u013cradei.<\/p>\n

S\u0101gu laika cilv\u0113kam ir svar\u012bgs v\u0113sturiskais patiesums, m\u016bsdienu las\u012bt\u0101jam \u2013 m\u0101kslinieciskais. M\u016bsdien\u0101s s\u0101gas las\u0101m k\u0101 dai\u013cliterat\u016bru, bet piln\u012bb\u0101 t\u0101s norakst\u012bt k\u0101 v\u0113stures avotu ar\u012b nevajag, jo t\u0101s sniedz v\u0113rt\u012bgas zi\u0146as par sava laika mentalit\u0101ti un sabiedr\u012bbu. No m\u016bsdienu \u017eanriem s\u0101ga, iesp\u0113jams, visvair\u0101k l\u012bdzin\u0101s biogr\u0101fiskajam rom\u0101nam, kur autors bie\u017ei vien v\u0113las sniegt ticamu un ar\u012b baud\u0101mu st\u0101stu par cilv\u0113ku, kas ir dz\u012bvojis.<\/p>\n

S\u0101gu Snorre<\/b><\/p>\n

Mana saikne ar s\u0101g\u0101m ir \u012bpa\u0161a ar to, ka t\u0101s saist\u0101s ar v\u0101rdu\u00a0Snorri<\/i>, ko man devu\u0161i vec\u0101ki. Ir tikai viens pavisam slavens Snorre, un tas ir islandietis Snorre Sturlasd\u0113ls, Zieme\u013cvalstu viduslaiku literat\u016bras di\u017e\u0101kais autors. Vi\u0146\u0161 man ir ne vien v\u0101rdabr\u0101lis, bet ar\u012b ir gl\u0101bi\u0146\u0161, iepaz\u012bstoties ar zviedriem: ja vi\u0146i skolas literat\u016bras stund\u0101s ir biju\u0161i kl\u0101t ar miesu un garu, tad zina, ka t\u0101ds personv\u0101rds cilv\u0113kam tik tie\u0161\u0101m ir iesp\u0113jams. Nezin\u0101t\u0101ji gan tik tikko valda smiekli\u0146us, jo zviedriski\u00a0snorre<\/i>\u00a0atbilst latvie\u0161u v\u0101rdam\u00a0kr\u0101ni\u0146\u0161,\u00a0<\/i>kad tas lietots anatomisk\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113. Tie\u0161i \u0161\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c m\u016bsu \u0123imene no Oslo p\u0101rc\u0113l\u0101s uz D\u0101niju, kad man bija desmit gadu un mammai tika pied\u0101v\u0101ts darbs ar iesp\u0113ju izv\u0113l\u0113ties starp posteni Kopenh\u0101gen\u0101 vai Stokholm\u0101. Nu, skol\u0101 tiku apcelts \u0161\u0101 k\u0101 t\u0101, bet vismaz ne sava v\u0101rda d\u0113\u013c.<\/p>\n

\"Snorre-sturlasson\"<\/a>
Snorre Sturlasd\u0113ls (Snorri Sturluson, 1179-1241)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Snorre Sturlasd\u0113ls<\/a> (Snorri Sturluson<\/i>, 1179-1241) ir ne vien di\u017es autors, bet ar\u012b pirmais noz\u012bm\u012bgais literat\u016bras teor\u0113ti\u0137is Zieme\u013cvalst\u012bs. Vi\u0146a sacer\u0113t\u0101 Jaun\u0101k\u0101 Eda vienlaikus ir gan literat\u016bras teorijas darbs, kur apcer\u0113ta skaldu dzeja, gan ar\u012b liter\u0101rs darbs ar \u0161\u0101das dzejas piem\u0113riem 100 da\u017e\u0101dos pantm\u0113ros. Latviski no Jaun\u0101k\u0101s Edas pagaid\u0101m ir izdots tikai\u00a0Gilves acumalds<\/i>\u00a0Ul\u017ea B\u0113rzi\u0146a atdzejojum\u0101, un \u0161obr\u012bd Uldis darina\u00a0Augst\u0101 runas\u00a0<\/i>(H\u00e1vam\u00e1l) \u00a0un\u00a0Zintnieces pare\u0123ojumu\u00a0<\/i>(V\u01eblusp\u00e1) no Vec\u0101k\u0101s Edas, kam nav zin\u0101ma autora. Snorres spalvai pieder ar\u012b\u00a0Pasaules loks\u00a0<\/i>(Heimskringla)\u2013 norv\u0113\u0123u kara\u013cu s\u0101gu cikls. Viena no svar\u012bg\u0101k\u0101m ir s\u0101ga par Sv\u0113to Ol\u0101vu (\u00d3l\u00e1fr Haraldsson<\/i>, 995-1030), karali, kur\u0161 pirms diviem gadu simte\u0146iem krist\u012bjis Norv\u0113\u0123iju. Par vi\u0146u jau tapu\u0161i ar\u012b citu rakstu pieminek\u013ci. Snorres Sturlasd\u0113la s\u0101g\u0101s tom\u0113r par\u0101d\u0101s psiholo\u0123iskais re\u0101lisms, atstumjot reli\u0123isko mistiku t\u0101l\u0101k\u0101 pl\u0101n\u0101. Vi\u0146a rakst\u012bbas stils atg\u0101dina islandie\u0161u s\u0101gas, un vi\u0146\u0161, iesp\u0113jams, bijis ar\u012b Egila s\u0101gas autors, kas tradicion\u0101li tiek uzskat\u012bta par islandie\u0161u s\u0101gu, t\u0101tad b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 anon\u012bmu. Par \u0161o s\u0101gu latvie\u0161i ir dzird\u0113ju\u0161i visvair\u0101k, jo viena t\u0101s epizode norisin\u0101s Kurs\u0101, kur Egils esot sirojis 925. gad\u0101.<\/p>\n

Izdz\u012bvot, lai izst\u0101st\u012btu<\/b><\/p>\n

Islandie\u0161u s\u0101gu st\u0101st\u012bt\u0101js bie\u017ei atsaucas uz avotu, no kura vi\u0146\u0161 par st\u0101stu uzzin\u0101jis, piem\u0113ram, uz aculiecinieku, kas bijis kl\u0101t notikumos, lai vairotu ticam\u012bbu. T\u0101p\u0113c ar\u012b ir j\u0101b\u016bt k\u0101dam, kas izdz\u012bvo ku\u0123a av\u0101rij\u0101 vai noklaus\u0101s slepenu sarunu, lai rastos iespaids, ka st\u0101st\u012bt\u0101js visp\u0101r to var izst\u0101st\u012bt. Notieko\u0161o vi\u0146\u0161 nekoment\u0113 un nev\u0113rt\u0113, neko nenosoda un neatbalsta, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c las\u012bt\u0101jam pa\u0161am j\u0101sprie\u017e par r\u012bc\u012bbas \u0113tiskumu un personu r\u012bc\u012bbas mot\u012bviem. Ko cilv\u0113ki dom\u0101 vai j\u016bt, tekst\u0101 netiek pateikts, bet glu\u017ei k\u0101 film\u0101 tas j\u0101izsecina no cilv\u0113ka teikt\u0101, vi\u0146u r\u012bc\u012bbas un paskata. Viszino\u0161a autora te nav.<\/p>\n

St\u0101st\u012bt\u0101js nemin sevi pirmaj\u0101 person\u0101, lai nenov\u0113rstu las\u012bt\u0101ju uzman\u012bbu no darb\u012bbas. Palaikam tom\u0113r par\u0101d\u0101s pa koment\u0101ram. Koment\u0101ri var b\u016bt par agr\u0101ko laiku para\u017e\u0101m (ja t\u0101s at\u0161\u0137iras no 13. gadsimta, kad s\u0101gas tiku\u0161as pierakst\u012btas), vai par to, k\u0101das p\u0113das ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s, piem\u0113ram, kur var atrast k\u0101da varo\u0146a kapa kalni\u0146u vai k\u0101das \u0113kas drupas. L\u016bk, piem\u0113rs no Hravnkela s\u0101gas:<\/p>\n

Bet Einaru lika apglab\u0101t nog\u0101z\u0113 uz rietumiem no gan\u012bb\u0101m un uzcelt vardu pie kapa. To tagad sauc par Einaravardu, un p\u0113c t\u0101s nosaka launagu ganu m\u0101j\u0101s.\u00a0<\/i>(Hravnkela Freijgodes s\u0101ga, 6. noda\u013ca)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Skopo\u0161an\u0101s su\u0123est\u0113jo\u0161ais skaistums<\/b><\/p>\n

K\u0101dreiz Ernestam Hemingvejam jaut\u0101ts, vai vi\u0146\u0161 sp\u0113tu uzrakst\u012bt noveli \u012bs\u0101k nek\u0101 desmit v\u0101rdos. Rakstnieka veikums skan\u0113ja \u0161\u0101di \u2013 \u201eFor sale. Baby shoes. Never worn\u201d, jeb\u00a0P\u0101rdodam z\u012bdai\u0146u kurpes. Nekad nav valk\u0101tas<\/i>. Tikai da\u017eos v\u0101rdos ir pateikts liels st\u0101sts ar sp\u0113c\u012bgu emocion\u0101lo l\u0101di\u0146u. Ar\u012b s\u0101gu stilam piem\u012bt \u0161\u0101ds kodol\u012bgums. Liekais ir nogriezts vai varb\u016bt ar\u012b tur nemaz nav bijis. Tas sak\u0101ms ne vien par valodu, bet ar\u012b saturu. Garus laikposmus var glu\u017ei vienk\u0101r\u0161i apkopot vien\u0101 teikum\u0101, piem\u0113ram, pasakot, ka toziem (vai p\u0101ris gados) nekas di\u017es nenotika. Dabas apraksti atrodami gandr\u012bz tikai vien\u012bgi tad, ja tiem ir sava loma si\u017eet\u0101, piem\u0113ram, var b\u016bt min\u0113ti laika apst\u0101k\u013ci.<\/p>\n

Dialogi ir spraigi un bie\u017ei vien atrodami s\u0101gas kulmin\u0101cijas viet\u0101s, reizumis ar\u012b skaldu dzej\u0101, it \u012bpa\u0161i s\u0101g\u0101s, kas v\u0113sta par skaldu dz\u012bvi. S\u0101gas ir saist\u012btas ar t\u0101laika literat\u016bru Eirop\u0101, bet at\u0161\u0137iras tie\u0161i ar liter\u0101ro rot\u0101jumu tr\u016bkumu, kas senskandin\u0101vu literat\u016br\u0101 tom\u0113r p\u0101rp\u0101r\u0113m atrodams cit\u0101 \u017eanr\u0101 \u2013 kv\u0101dos. Reiz\u0113m \u0161\u0137iet p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i, cik sausi un strupi s\u0101g\u0101s izst\u0101st\u012bti svar\u012bg\u0101kie momenti, bet tie\u0161i tas izraisa zin\u0101mu efektu (citreiz gan var gad\u012bties ar\u012b otr\u0101di, kas var b\u016bt k\u0101ds p\u0101rsp\u012bl\u0113jums).<\/p>\n

S\u0101gas liel\u0101koties ir tra\u0123isma pilnas, tom\u0113r bie\u017ei vien ironijas un kar\u0101tavu humora s\u0101g\u0101s netr\u016bkst. Nj\u0101la s\u0101g\u0101 Hl\u012bdarendes Gunnara m\u0101jas ir aplenktas, un Torgr\u012bms, viens no uzbruc\u0113jiem, uzr\u0101pjas aug\u0161\u0101 uz jumta, lai pa spraugu var\u0113tu paskat\u012bties, vai Gunnars ir m\u0101j\u0101s. Aug\u0161\u0101 vi\u0146u pa spraugu vidukl\u012b savaino \u0101va. Ievainotais non\u0101k lej\u0101, nostreipu\u013co pie p\u0101r\u0113jiem, kas jaut\u0101: \u201eNu, vai Gunnars ir m\u0101j\u0101s?\u201d. \u201eEjiet pa\u0161i paskat\u012bties\u201d, Torgr\u012bms atbild, \u201evien\u012bgais, ko zinu ir tas, ka vi\u0146a \u0101va bija m\u0101j\u0101s\u201d. To pateicis, vi\u0146\u0161 nokr\u012bt miris. Savuk\u0101rt Droplaugasd\u0113la s\u0101g\u0101 k\u0101dam v\u012bram ar zobenu noc\u0113rt apak\u0161l\u016bpu. Savam pretiniekam vi\u0146\u0161 bilst: \u201eEs jau \u012bpa\u0161i gl\u012bts nebiju, bet skaist\u0101ku tu mani neesi padar\u012bjis\u201d. Un tad vi\u0146\u0161 pa\u0146em b\u0101rdu mut\u0113 un to tur ar zobiem, lai aptur\u0113tu asi\u0146o\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

S\u0101g\u0101s ir j\u016btama run\u0101t\u0101s valodas kl\u0101tb\u016btne. No rakst\u012bt\u0101ja puses tas ir ar nol\u016bku, jo s\u0101gas las\u012bja priek\u0161\u0101 un bija svar\u012bgi, lai t\u0101s atg\u0101din\u0101tu mutv\u0101rdu st\u0101st\u012bt\u0101ju. Islandie\u0161u s\u0101gu valodas iez\u012bmes atspogu\u013co t\u0101s uzdevumu \u2013 izklaus\u012bties p\u0113c mutv\u0101rdu st\u0101sta. T\u0101p\u0113c valoda ir sintaktiski vienk\u0101r\u0161a, pal\u012bgteikumu nav daudz, k\u0101 ar\u012b v\u0101rdu kr\u0101jums nav \u012bpa\u0161i bag\u0101t\u012bgs. Reizumis atk\u0101rtojas v\u0101rdi vai fr\u0101zes k\u0101 uzsv\u0113rums vai nor\u0101de uz notikumiem, kas tikai b\u016bs, lai k\u0101pin\u0101tu spriedzi. Valoda ir vienk\u0101r\u0161a bez izpu\u0161\u0137ojumiem; nedaudzie \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas v\u0101rdi, kurus tom\u0113r tekst\u0101 izmanto, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di ieg\u016bst jo liel\u0101ku noz\u012bmi. L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 run\u0101taj\u0101 valod\u0101 taj\u0101 ir daudz idiom\u0101tisku teicienu jeb frazeolo\u0123ismu. Bie\u017ei vien vair\u0101k uzman\u012bbas tiek tie\u0161i deta\u013c\u0101m pirms un p\u0113c k\u0101da liela notikuma, piem\u0113ram, kaujas. V\u0113rojama ar\u012b savdab\u012bga laikmija starp v\u0113st\u012bjumu tagadn\u0113 un pag\u0101tn\u0113. Da\u017ei p\u0113tnieki to sal\u012bdzin\u0101ju\u0161i ar filmas kameru, kur tagadnes formas lietojums funkcion\u0113 k\u0101 tuvpl\u0101na bilde un aculiecinieka st\u0101sts, kurpretim pag\u0101tne lietota, kad ir att\u0101lin\u0101t\u0101ks v\u0113sturnieka skats.<\/p>\n

[vimeo 36407579 w=500 h=281]<\/p>\n

S\u0101gas cilv\u0113ka psihes nian\u0161u palete<\/b><\/p>\n

Interesanta ir vieta, kas s\u0101g\u0101s atv\u0113l\u0113ta cilv\u0113kam. Da\u017e\u0101s s\u0101g\u0101s person\u0101\u017es ir lielum liels, piem\u0113ram, Nj\u0101la s\u0101g\u0101 v\u0101rd\u0101 saukti 600 cilv\u0113ku, cit\u0101s ir viens galvenais varonis. Darb\u012bba norisin\u0101s senos laikos, kad bija citi tikumi un skats uz pasauli. Tas da\u013c\u0113ji var\u0113tu likt mums \u0161\u0137\u0113r\u0161\u013cus un rad\u012bt apgr\u016btin\u0101jumus s\u0101gu izpratn\u0113, ja uzreiz \u0137eramies s\u0101gai kl\u0101t bez ievada. Vienlaikus s\u0101gas ir p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i m\u016bsdien\u012bgas ar savu psiholo\u0123isko re\u0101lismu. \u0160ai zi\u0146\u0101 t\u0101s j\u016btami at\u0161\u0137iras no citas viduslaiku literat\u016bras. S\u0101g\u0101s nav tik daudz j\u016btams melnbaltais iedal\u012bjums, kas domin\u0113 daudzviet citur t\u0101 laika literat\u016br\u0101, bet gan p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i m\u016bsdien\u012bgi atainoti psiholo\u0123iski un \u0113tiski daudz\u0161\u0137aut\u0146aini cilv\u0113ki. Person\u0101\u017ea psiholo\u0123isk\u0101s nianses atkl\u0101jas run\u0101 un darb\u012bb\u0101; nodomi un j\u016btas netiek pateiktas priek\u0161\u0101. Ac\u012bgs las\u012bt\u0101js ierauga, ka aiz nedaudzajiem v\u0101rdiem sl\u0113pjas kaut kas vair\u0101k.<\/p>\n

\n

Torbjorns Hola pus\u0113 padzird par sava d\u0113la Einara n\u0101vi. Vi\u0146am \u0161\u012b zi\u0146a \u0137\u0113r\u0101s pie sirds. Torbjorns k\u0101pj nu sav\u0101 zirg\u0101, j\u0101j p\u0101ri uz Adalbolu un prasa, lai Hravnkels izp\u0113rkot pui\u0161a n\u0101vi.<\/i>\u00a0(Hravnkela Freijgodes s\u0101ga, 7. noda\u013ca)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

S\u0101gas uzb\u016bve<\/b><\/p>\n

Viens no svar\u012bg\u0101kajiem s\u0101gas uzb\u016bves principiem ir hronolo\u0123iskums \u2013 v\u0113st\u012bjums noris hronolo\u0123isk\u0101 sec\u012bb\u0101. Darb\u012bba aptver vienu vai vair\u0101kas paaudzes. L\u012bdz ar to Hravnkela s\u0101ga nav glu\u017ei tipiska, jo t\u0101 ir tematiski koncentr\u0113t\u0101ka nek\u0101 citas s\u0101gas. Bie\u017e\u0101k ir vair\u0101ki st\u0101sti par da\u017e\u0101diem savstarp\u0113ji saist\u012btiem cilv\u0113kiem, piem\u0113ram, radiniekiem vai draugiem. S\u0101gas v\u0113sta par cilv\u0113kiem, kas ir re\u0101li dz\u012bvoju\u0161i, par klaus\u012bt\u0101ju sen\u010diem. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c bie\u017ei vien s\u0101g\u0101s ir atrodams pla\u0161s \u201eciltsrakstu\u201d uzskait\u012bjums.<\/p>\n

Iepaz\u012bstinot ar jaunu personu, s\u0101g\u0101s bie\u017ei vien tiek sniegts t\u0101ds k\u0101 varo\u0146u CV, kur ir s\u012bkas zi\u0146as par dzimtas pieder\u012bbu, dz\u012bvesvietu, soci\u0101lo statusu un prasm\u0113m, k\u0101 ar\u012b kas t\u0101ds, ko m\u016bsdien\u0101s dz\u012bvesg\u0101jum\u0101 neiek\u013caujam \u2013 izskats vai psihiskais raksturojums. Hravnkela s\u0101g\u0101 Torkels tiek raksturots \u0161\u0101di:<\/p>\n

\n

Pirmais bija slaiks no auguma, bet ne visai plec\u012bgs, lapu za\u013c\u0101 apmetn\u012b un greznu zobenu rok\u0101, asiem sejas vaibstiem un ies\u0101rtu vaigu, izskat\u012bgs, ar gai\u0161i br\u016bniem, kupliem matiem. \u0160o v\u012bru var\u0113ja viegli paz\u012bt jo vi\u0146am kreisaj\u0101 pus\u0113 bija palsa matu cirta.\u00a0<\/i>(Hravnkela Freijgodes s\u0101ga, 9. noda\u013ca)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Tipiska s\u0101gas uzb\u016bve ir \u0161\u0101da \u2013 ir ievads ar \u0123enealo\u0123iju un \u0123eogr\u0101fiskais novietojums, p\u0113c tam n\u0101k konflikts, kas novests l\u012bdz kulmin\u0101cijai, tad seko atrieb\u012bba un pretatrieb\u012bba, bet beig\u0101s \u2013 izl\u012bg\u0161ana un nobeigums. S\u0101gu dzin\u0113js un darb\u012bbas virz\u012bt\u0101js ir konflikts, kas saist\u012bts ar indiv\u012bdu un ar\u012b ar soci\u0101lekonomiskajiem apst\u0101k\u013ciem. S\u0101gas st\u0101st\u012bjums balst\u0101s uz vai ir atkar\u012bgs no konflikta: t\u0101 s\u0101kumu, att\u012bst\u012bbu un atrisin\u0101\u0161anu. Konflikta atrisin\u0101jums ir islandie\u0161u s\u0101gu b\u016bt\u012bba. Par piem\u0113ru varam \u0146emt \u0161o pa\u0161u Hravnkela s\u0101gu. Ievad\u0101 tiek prec\u012bzi noteikta darb\u012bba laik\u0101 un viet\u0101 \u2013 norv\u0113\u0123u kara\u013ca Haralda Skaistma\u0161a laik\u0101 un Austrumisland\u0113. S\u0101kam ar Hravnkela t\u0113vu, Hallfredu, kas ar savu \u0123imeni dodas uz Islandi. Hravnkels uzaug un k\u013c\u016bst par ietekm\u012bgu v\u012bru taj\u0101 apk\u0101rtn\u0113. L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 pasak\u0101s ar\u012b Hravnkela s\u0101g\u0101 tiek uzst\u0101d\u012bts noteikums. Hravnkels piekodina, lai neviens nej\u0101tu ar Frejkr\u0113pi, d\u0101rg\u0101ko, kas vi\u0146am ir. Hravnkels piedraud ar n\u0101vi tam, kas \u0161o aizliegumu neiev\u0113ros. Konflikts izce\u013cas tad, kad gans Einars bez at\u013caujas aiz\u0146emas Freijkr\u0113pi. Hravnkels par to Einaru nogalina. Einara t\u0113vs Torbjorns un Hravnkels lepnuma d\u0113\u013c nesp\u0113j vienoties par atl\u012bdz\u012bbu. Torbjorna l\u012bdzgaitnieks S\u0101ms pan\u0101k, ka Hravnkels tiek ties\u0101ts ting\u0101, vi\u0146i likuma aizseg\u0101 moka Hravnkelu un padzen vi\u0146u no m\u0101j\u0101m. Bet Hravnkels k\u013c\u016bst v\u0113l ietekm\u012bg\u0101ks nek\u0101 iepriek\u0161 un v\u0113l\u0101k, kad rodas izdev\u012bba, briesm\u012bg\u0101 veid\u0101 atriebjas S\u0101mam \u2013 tiek nostr\u0101d\u0101ta pretatrieb\u012bba. S\u0101mam beigu beig\u0101s n\u0101kas atz\u012bt sak\u0101vi un to, ka Hravnkels st\u0101v vi\u0146am p\u0101ri. Citas s\u0101gas ir saist\u012btas ar ce\u013cojumiem, kam parasti tr\u012bs da\u013cas \u2013 prombrauk\u0161ana no Islandes, p\u0101rbaud\u012bjumi un p\u0101rdz\u012bvojumi \u0101rzem\u0113s un, visbeidzot, p\u0101rn\u0101k\u0161ana m\u0101j\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Gods un kauns ir atsl\u0113gas v\u0101rdi r\u012bc\u012bbas izpratnei, jo godpilna atmi\u0146a p\u0113c n\u0101ves bijusi kas svar\u012bg\u0101ks par dz\u012bv\u012bbu. Ies\u0101kum\u0101 valda miers un savstarp\u0113j\u0101 cie\u0146a, bet tad miers daudzu un da\u017e\u0101du apst\u0101k\u013cu d\u0113\u013c tiek iztrauc\u0113ts. Godu var aizskart, kaut ko pasakot ne t\u0101, k\u0101 vajag, uzvedoties bezkaun\u012bgi, vai ar\u012b to var aizskart fiziski, ar t\u012b\u0161u vai net\u012b\u0161u sitienu. Hravnkela s\u0101gas str\u012bdus iegansts ir zirgs. L\u012bdzsvars ir izjaukts, un cie\u0146as vairs nav \u2013 tas noved pie atrieb\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Viens no rakst\u012bt\u0101ja svar\u012bg\u0101kajiem liter\u0101rajiem pa\u0146\u0113mieniem s\u0101g\u0101s ir z\u012bmes par n\u0101kotni, sap\u0146i un pare\u0123ojumi, kas, reiz par\u0101d\u012bju\u0161ies s\u0101g\u0101, piepild\u012bsies neatkar\u012bgi no personu centieniem. \u0160is liter\u0101rais pa\u0146\u0113miens ir saist\u012bts ar t\u0101laika mentalit\u0101ti, kur tic\u012bba liktenim ie\u0146\u0113ma lielu noz\u012bmi. S\u0101g\u0101s liktenis var b\u016bt nesaudz\u012bgs ar\u012b pret labajiem varo\u0146iem.<\/p>\n

Pirms un p\u0113c s\u0101g\u0101m<\/b><\/p>\n

Lai ar\u012b s\u0101gu varo\u0146u liktenis bie\u017ei vien ir s\u016brs, pa\u0161\u0101m s\u0101g\u0101m liktenis ir bijis v\u0113l\u012bg\u0101ks, t\u0101s ir k\u013cuvu\u0161as par \u012bpa\u0161a \u017eanra d\u0101rgumu, k\u0101 elegantu retroautomobili pasaules literat\u016bras \u017eanru gar\u0101\u017e\u0101. Ta\u010du neba s\u0101gas liter\u0101ri tuk\u0161\u0101 viet\u0101 radu\u0161\u0101s. S\u0101gu ietekmju avoti ir vair\u0101ki. Islande viduslaikos nebija izol\u0113ta, islandie\u0161i ce\u013coja un non\u0101ca saskar\u0113 ar viduslaiku literat\u016bru, ar fran\u010du viduslaiku bru\u0146inieku rom\u0101niem, kas piedz\u012bvoja uzplaukumu 12. gadsimt\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b ar klasisk\u0101s literat\u016bras darbiem. Islandes Tingeiras benediktie\u0161u kloster\u012b jau min\u0113taj\u0101 12. gadsimt\u0101 tapa ar\u012b prozas darbi gan lat\u012b\u0146u, gan senskandin\u0101vu valod\u0101. Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s tulkojumi no fran\u010du un lat\u012b\u0146u valodas, pa da\u013cai pateicoties uz \u0101rpasauli v\u0113rstajai kult\u016bras politikai, kuru \u012bstenoja karalis Hokons IV (1204-63, karalis no 1217.g. l\u012bdz m\u016b\u017ea beig\u0101m). T\u0101tad laic\u012bg\u0101 viduslaiku proza ir ietekm\u0113jusi islandie\u0161u s\u0101gas. Cits ietekmes avots ir st\u0101stniec\u012bbas trad\u012bcija, kuru centu\u0161ies iev\u0113rot s\u0101gu autori. \u0160is apst\u0101klis ar\u012b nosaka islandie\u0161u s\u0101gu raksturu \u2013 t\u0101s ir iez\u012bm\u012bgas ar to, ka p\u0101rst\u0101v mutv\u0101rdu trad\u012bcijas turpin\u0101jumu, pretend\u0113 uz v\u0113sturisku patiesumu un to st\u0101st\u012bt\u0101js ir objekt\u012bvs. Citi ietekmes avoti ir biju\u0161i nost\u0101sti par sv\u0113tajiem un le\u0123endas.<\/p>\n

Gan indiv\u012bda, gan n\u0101cijas identit\u0101tes mekl\u0113jumos alla\u017e raug\u0101mies pag\u0101tn\u0113, lai defin\u0113tu, kas esam. Lai cik \u013coti s\u0101gu laika dom\u0101\u0161anas veids un sabiedr\u012bbas iek\u0101rta un tikumi ar\u012b at\u0161\u0137irtos no v\u0113l\u0101kajiem laikiem, tom\u0113r vikingu laiki ir alla\u017e tiku\u0161i apbr\u012bnoti. T\u016bksto\u0161gades att\u0101lums laik\u0101 licies \u012bs\u0101ks nek\u0101 da\u017eu so\u013cu att\u0101lums p\u0101ri robe\u017eai pie kaimi\u0146tautas. T\u0101 s\u0101gas ir sp\u0113l\u0113ju\u0161as svar\u012bgu lomu skandin\u0101vu un islandie\u0161u identit\u0101tes b\u016bv\u0113, pat V\u0101cij\u0101 s\u0101g\u0101m ir bijusi politiska noz\u012bme. Interesants piem\u0113rs tam ir p\u0113d\u0113jais v\u0101cu imperators Vilhelms II (1859-1941), kas bijis st\u0101v\u0101 saj\u016bsm\u0101 par s\u0101gu pasauli. Vikingu pasaules harizma vi\u0146u ik vasaru l\u012bdz pat Pirmajam pasaules karam aizvedusi uz Norv\u0113\u0123ijas fjordiem, kur vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b mazaj\u0101 ciem\u0101 Vangsn\u0113s\u0101 licis uzcelt 22 metrus augstu pieminekli Fritjofam drosm\u012bgajam no Fritjofa s\u0101gas (viena no senlaiku s\u0101g\u0101m). Pavisam vi\u0146\u0161 Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 pavad\u012bja divus gadus. Savuk\u0101rt nacistu laikos s\u0101gas izmantotas di\u017e\u0123erm\u0101niskuma ideolo\u0123ijas veido\u0161anai. Bet visliel\u0101k\u0101 noz\u012bme s\u0101g\u0101m ir Zieme\u013cvalst\u012bs. Jau Renesanses laik\u0101 tika iztulkotas Snorres kara\u013cs\u0101gas, un Zieme\u013cvalstu lepn\u0101 senatne aizvien ir saj\u016bsmin\u0101jusi 19. gadsimta nacion\u0101l\u0101 romantisma un nacion\u0101l\u0101s kust\u012bbas dal\u012bbniekus. Nav br\u012bnums, ka Bj\u0113rnstjernes Bj\u0113rnsona sarakst\u012btaj\u0101 Norv\u0113\u0123ijas himn\u0101 s\u0101gas tiek piemin\u0113tas jau pirmaj\u0101 pant\u0101. Ar\u012b di\u017e\u0101kie skandin\u0101vu st\u0101stnieki sm\u0113lu\u0161ies iedvesmu s\u0101g\u0101s \u2013 Augusts Strindberjs<\/a>, Selma L\u0101gerl\u0113va<\/a>, Henriks Ibsens<\/a>, Sigrija Unsete<\/a>, \u0100dams \u0112len\u0161l\u0113gers. Lieki bilst, ka pa\u0161u islandie\u0161u proz\u0101 s\u0101gu ietekme j\u016btama, piem\u0113ram, Halldora Laksnesa darbos. Att\u0101lums laika zi\u0146\u0101 ir liels, main\u012bju\u0161ies ir gan tikumi, gan dom\u0101\u0161anas veids, m\u016bsdien\u0101s domin\u0113jot liber\u0101l\u0101m v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m, tom\u0113r islandie\u0161i v\u0113l joproj\u0101m ir rakst\u012bt\u0101 v\u0101rda n\u0101cija, un ir t\u0101 tauta pasaul\u0113, kas visvair\u0101k lasa.<\/p>\n

S\u0101gu sakar\u0101 ieraug\u0101m tulko\u0161anu k\u0101 liter\u0101ro impulsu ma\u0123istr\u0101li \u2013 Eiropas viduslaika literat\u016bras tulkojumi sp\u0113l\u0113ju\u0161i b\u016btisku lomu s\u0101gu att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101, bet pa\u0161u s\u0101gu tulkojumi Zieme\u013cvalstu literat\u016br\u0101 iedvesmoju\u0161i daudzus jo daudzus \u2013 s\u0101kot ar 19. gadsimta di\u017egariem l\u012bdz pat m\u016bsdienu autoriem. Islandie\u0161u skol\u0113ni lasa senskandin\u0101vu tekstus ori\u0123in\u0101l\u0101, tiesa, ne bez gr\u016bt\u012bb\u0101m, bet p\u0101r\u0113jiem skandin\u0101viem s\u0101gas j\u0101lasa tulkojum\u0101.<\/p>\n

Oran\u017e\u0101 bro\u0161\u016bra<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Gunnlaug_Ormstunge\"<\/a>Redzu oran\u017eo Gunnlauga \u010c\u016bskasm\u0113les s\u0101gas izdevumu uz sava skolas sola. S\u0101ga par viens no islandie\u0161u skaldiem. T\u016bl\u012bt to atv\u0113r\u0161u pirmo reizi. V\u0101ku grezno kokgriezumi no k\u0101das st\u0101vkoku bazn\u012bcas. Noform\u0113jums liecina, ka apg\u0101ds p\u0101rpublic\u0113jis \u0161o izdevumu jau divus tr\u012bs gadu desmitus. Atv\u0113r\u0101m visi, las\u012bj\u0101m. Un \u0161\u012b oblig\u0101t\u0101 literat\u016bra sp\u0113ja m\u016bs, pubert\u0101rus pusaud\u017eus, uzrun\u0101t. (Bez \u0161aub\u0101m l\u012bdz\u0113ja ar\u012b m\u016bsu skolot\u0101jas st\u0101st\u012bjums un koment\u0101ri \u2013 vi\u0146a bija skarba d\u0101ma, tom\u0113r erud\u012bta.) T\u0101 bija mana pirm\u0101 s\u0101ga, ta\u010du ne p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101. Daudz kas ar islandie\u0161u s\u0101g\u0101m nav piln\u012bb\u0101 skaidrs. Kas t\u0101s rakst\u012bjis, k\u0101p\u0113c \u012bsti rakst\u012bjis un kam? Bet ir skaidrs, ka t\u0101s pieder pasaules literat\u016brai. Un t\u0101m b\u016btu j\u0101b\u016bt pieejam\u0101m it visiem. Ar\u012b latvie\u0161u valod\u0101.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dz\u012bvoju pils\u0113t\u0101, kur bie\u017ei l\u012bst. Ta\u010du laika apst\u0101k\u013ciem piem\u0113rotu dr\u0113bju man tikpat k\u0101 nekad nav. Lietus laik\u0101 pieliju\u0161iem matiem pa ce\u013cam uz universit\u0101ti eju cauri Bergenas iepirk\u0161an\u0101s centram, lai vismaz uz p\u0101ris min\u016bt\u012bt\u0113m pab\u016btu sausum\u0101 un siltum\u0101. Bie\u017ei vien uz sola iepretim kancelejas pre\u010du veikalam s\u0113\u017e divi ve\u010di, uz kuriem neuzkr\u012bto\u0161i noskatos. Abiem gadu asto\u0146desmit. Abu sejas liecina par bag\u0101tu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":170,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3,12],"tags":[19,40,86,95],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=256"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":648,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256\/revisions\/648"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/170"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}