{"id":364,"date":"2015-01-24T19:40:11","date_gmt":"2015-01-24T17:40:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/snorreks.wordpress.com\/?p=364"},"modified":"2016-01-05T07:49:49","modified_gmt":"2016-01-05T07:49:49","slug":"latvijas-un-norvegijas-vesturiskie-saskares-punkti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/2015\/01\/24\/latvijas-un-norvegijas-vesturiskie-saskares-punkti\/","title":{"rendered":"Latvijas un Norv\u0113\u0123ijas v\u0113sturiskie saskares punkti"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Vaks\"<\/a>\u0160is teksts pirmo reizi tika public\u0113ts k\u0101 p\u0113cv\u0101rds gr\u0101mat\u0101\u00a0Norv\u0113\u0123ijas v\u0113sture (autori: E.\u00a0St\u0113nersens E., \u012a. L\u012bbeks), kuru\u00a02005. gad\u0101 izdeva\u00a0apg\u0101ds Norden AB, \u00a0(181.\u2013190. lpp.) T\u0101 k\u0101 pats neeesmu v\u0113sturnieks, tekstu p\u0101rskat\u012bja v\u0113stures doktors Juris Goldmanis. P\u0113d\u0113jos desmit gados daudz k\u0101 vair\u0101k noticis, bet teksts, iesp\u0113jams, tom\u0113r var\u0113s sniegt\u00a0ieskatu par laiku l\u012bdz 2005. gadam<\/em><\/p>\n

Pirmoreiz izn\u0101k Norv\u0113\u0123ijas v\u0113sture latviski, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di atz\u012bm\u0113jot Norv\u0113\u0123ijas valstisk\u0101s neatkar\u012bbas simtgadi 2005. gad\u0101. \u0160\u012b gr\u0101mata atspogu\u013co vienas valsts v\u0113sturi. Bet neviena valsts un neviena n\u0101cija nedz\u012bvo vakuum\u0101 bez citu valstu ietekmes un bez sakariem ar tuv\u0101m un t\u0101l\u0101m taut\u0101m. T\u0101du sakaru netr\u016bkst ar\u012b starp Norv\u0113\u0123iju un Latviju. Ar\u012bdzan v\u0113sturisko paral\u0113\u013cu netr\u016bkst. Norv\u0113\u0123ija un Latvija ir mazas un jaunas n\u0101cijas, kas ilgus gadus ir biju\u0161as citu tautu j\u016bg\u0101. \u0160aj\u0101 p\u0113cv\u0101rd\u0101 v\u0113l\u0113tos iepaz\u012bstin\u0101t ar lieliem un maziem \u0161o abu valstu saskares punktiem, kam parasti velta maz\u0101k uzman\u012bbas v\u0113stures gr\u0101mat\u0101s.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Vienas saknes<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u016bsu saknes ir kop\u012bgas \u2013 pirms se\u0161iem gadu t\u016bksto\u0161iem t\u0101lu prom no Norv\u0113\u0123ijas un Latvijas dz\u012bvoja abu tautu priek\u0161te\u010di. Par to var p\u0101rliecin\u0101ties, p\u0113tot abu valodu saknes. Ir iesp\u0113jams rekonstru\u0113t dom\u0101jamu indoeiropie\u0161u senvalodu, kas b\u016btu m\u0101te ne tikai norv\u0113\u0123u un latvie\u0161u valodai, bet ar\u012b ang\u013cu, v\u0101cu, urdu, \u010dig\u0101nu, krievu, persie\u0161u un daudz cit\u0101m valod\u0101m. Da\u013ca v\u0101rdu kr\u0101juma mums ir kop\u012bga:<\/p>\n

sol \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 saule<\/p>\n

tre\/tri\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tr\u012bs<\/p>\n

du\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tu<\/p>\n

m\u00e5ne\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u0113ness<\/p>\n

bror\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 br\u0101lis<\/p>\n

mor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u0101te<\/p>\n

rug\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rudzi<\/p>\n

bj\u00f8rk\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b\u0113rzs<\/p>\n

\u00a0Fon\u0113tisko p\u0101rmai\u0146u d\u0113\u013c vairs nav tik vienk\u0101r\u0161i saskat\u012bt l\u012bdz\u012bbu visos radniec\u012bgos v\u0101rdos. Baltu valodas l\u012bdz\u012bbas zi\u0146\u0101 atrodas starp \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u valod\u0101m vien\u0101 pus\u0113 un sl\u0101vu valod\u0101m otr\u0101, tiesa, tuv\u0101k p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101m. Kop\u0113jos indoeiropie\u0161u saknes var mekl\u0113t ar\u012b m\u016bsu tautu pirmskristie\u0161u mitolo\u0123ij\u0101.<\/p>\n

Kaimi\u0146i Baltijas j\u016bras abos krastos<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Snorre<\/a>
Snorre Sturlas d\u0113ls<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ien\u0101kot tagad\u0113j\u0101 teritorij\u0101, balti sask\u0101r\u0101s ar somugriem. Rietumos dz\u012bvojo\u0161\u0101s baltu ciltis laiku gait\u0101 rietumos sask\u0101r\u0101s ar\u012b ar \u0123erm\u0101\u0146iem \u00a0\u2013 skandin\u0101viem. Te galvenok\u0101rt ir runa par kur\u0161iem, zemga\u013ciem (\u012bpa\u0161i kontaktos ar zviedriem) un sembiem (\u012bpa\u0161i kontaktos ar d\u0101\u0146iem). Pie Grobi\u0146as Kurzem\u0113 divus gadsimtus past\u0101v\u0113ja skandin\u0101vu kolonija, kur ir atrasti skandin\u0101vu kapulauki no 7. un 8. gadsimta. Kur\u0161i ir min\u0113ti Hamburgas\u2013Br\u0113menes arhib\u012bskapa ap 875. gadu Rimberta sarakst\u012btaj\u0101 sv\u0113t\u0101 Ansgara (801\u2013865) dz\u012bvesst\u0101st\u0101 (Vita sancti Anscarii<\/em>), kur ir aprakst\u012bti skandin\u0101vu iebrukumi Kurs\u0101. T\u0101pat par kontaktiem p\u0101ri Baltijas j\u016brai v\u0113sta islandie\u0161a Snorres Sturlas d\u0113la (1179\u20131241) Heimskringla<\/em> (Pasaules loks), k\u0101 ar\u012b islandie\u0161u dzimtu s\u0101gas. Skandin\u0101vi izmantoja Daugavu, un vair\u0101kk\u0101rt min\u0113ta \u00a0Daugavas pils\u0113ta. Dom\u0101jams, ka tas ir Daugmales pilskalns. Vair\u0101ki skandin\u0101vu kara\u013ci nodarboj\u0101s ar tirdzniec\u012bbu Baltij\u0101. To, ka balti akt\u012bvi kontakt\u0113ju\u0161ies ar skandin\u0101viem, apliecina ar\u012b arheolo\u0123iskie materi\u0101li un r\u016bnu uzraksti.<\/p>\n

Hanza, Luters un pipark\u016bkas <\/strong><\/p>\n

Norv\u0113\u0123ija un Latvija atrodas vien\u0101 kult\u016bras re\u0123ion\u0101, proti, Zieme\u013ceiropas kult\u016bra ar V\u0101ciju, Zviedriju, D\u0101niju, Somiju un Igauniju. V\u0101cu ietekmes rezult\u0101t\u0101 \u0161is kult\u016bras re\u0123ions ir izveidojies vair\u0101ku gadsimtu gait\u0101. \u0160\u012bs Eiropas da\u013cas kult\u016bras kop\u012bba par\u0101d\u0101s, s\u0101kot no dom\u0101\u0161anas un r\u012bc\u012bbas veida, caur trad\u012bcij\u0101m, arhitekt\u016bru, literat\u016bru, m\u0101kslu, filozofiju,\u00a0 l\u012bdz pat \u013coti s\u012bk\u0101m liet\u0101m \u2013 \u0161is ir apgabals, kur cilv\u0113ki cep pipark\u016bkas. Raugies kaut vai uz m\u016bsu kaimi\u0146iem lei\u0161iem dienvidos un kaimi\u0146iem krieviem austrumos \u2013 citi gardumi vi\u0146iem ir, bet pipark\u016bku nav! \u0160\u012bs valstis turkl\u0101t p\u0101rsvar\u0101 ir luteriskas, un neskatoties uz to, vai cilv\u0113ks ir tic\u012bgs vai nav, reli\u0123ija ir atst\u0101jusi lielu ietekmi uz m\u016bsu tautu Zieme\u013ceiropeisko mentalit\u0101ti, k\u0101da t\u0101 ir m\u016bsdien\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Kult\u016bras impulsus Norv\u0113\u0123ija ir sa\u0146\u0113musi caur diviem apgabaliem, proti, no britu sal\u0101m, no vienas puses, un no V\u0101cijas (reizumis ar D\u0101nijas starpniec\u012bbu), no otras puses. Lai gan norv\u0113\u0123i tika krist\u012bti no Anglijas, ar\u012b v\u0101cie\u0161i m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja krist\u012bt norv\u0113\u0123us 10. gs. beig\u0101s, un var teikt, ka Austrumnorv\u0113\u0123ijas iedz\u012bvot\u0101jus krist\u012bja v\u0101cie\u0161i. L\u012bdz 1103. gadam norv\u0113\u0123u b\u012bskapijas bija pak\u013cautas Br\u0113menes arhib\u012bskapijai, l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 R\u012bgas b\u012bskapija. Jo p\u0113c neveiksm\u012bgiem sl\u0101vu m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumiem, latvie\u0161us krist\u012bja v\u0101cie\u0161i. Gan Norv\u0113\u0123ija, gan Latvija pieder\u0113ja pie t\u0101m viet\u0101m Eirop\u0101, kur kristiet\u012bbu pie\u0146\u0113ma v\u0113l\u0101k.<\/p>\n

Hanzas savien\u012bbu reizumis d\u0113v\u0113 par viduslaiku ES. Tai bija apm\u0113rs, amb\u012bcijas un organiz\u0101cijas efektivit\u0101te, kas v\u0113l m\u016bsdien\u0101s izraisa apbr\u012bnu. \u0160o pils\u0113tu un tirgot\u0101ju savien\u012bbu salied\u0113ja kop\u0113j\u0101s intereses, \u00a0viena (lejasv\u0101cu) valoda un tiesisko normu kopums , kas balst\u012bj\u0101s uz L\u012bbekas likumiem. \u00a0V\u0101cu tirgot\u0101ji, kas \u00a0ilg\u0101ku vai \u012bs\u0101ku laiku uztur\u0113j\u0101s sve\u0161\u0101s pils\u0113t\u0101s, jau 12. gs. otraj\u0101 pus\u0113 \u00a0s\u0101ka veidot organiz\u0101ciju, ko dev\u0113ja par \u201ehanse\u201d, kas var\u0113tu vi\u0146us aizst\u0101v\u0113t viet\u0113j\u0101s varas iest\u0101d\u0113s. 15. gs. Hanza jau apvienoja 70 lielas un aptuveni 100\u2013130 mazas pils\u0113tas\u00a0 To vid\u016b noz\u012bm\u012bga loma bija R\u012bgai, bet pie Hanzas pils\u0113t\u0101m var pieskait\u012bt v\u0113l 11 Livonijas pils\u0113tas. \u00a0Ar Hanzu jo cie\u0161i saist\u012btas ar\u012b Norv\u0113\u0123ijas pils\u0113tas.<\/p>\n

\n

Hanzas savien\u012bbu reizumis d\u0113v\u0113 par viduslaiku ES.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

V\u0101cu tirgo\u0146i Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 pirmoreiz ir piemin\u0113ti 1186. gad\u0101 un vi\u0146i bija no \u0136elnes un Br\u0113menes. Uz Bergenu vi\u0146i brauca p\u0113c ziv\u012bm un zivju e\u013c\u013cas, bet uz Oslo un Tensbergu (T\u00f8nsberg<\/em>) vi\u0146i dev\u0101s p\u0113c lauksaimniec\u012bbas produktiem. Kop\u0161 1259. gada v\u0101cu tirgot\u0101ji s\u0101ka palikt Bergen\u0101 pa ziemu, l\u012bdz ar to ieg\u016bstot priek\u0161roc\u012bbas produktu iepirk\u0161an\u0101 Vi\u0146i ier\u012bkoja savas apmetnes vietas jeb s\u0113tas. 13. gadsimt\u0101 l\u012bbekie\u0161i bija galvenie v\u0101cu tirgo\u0146i Bergen\u0101, bet rostokie\u0161i \u2013 Oslo un Tensberg\u0101. \u00a0V\u0113l\u0101k v\u0101cu tirgo\u0146u organiz\u0101cija Bergen\u0101 k\u013cuva par Hanzas kantori, bet organiz\u0101cijas Oslo un Tensberg\u0101 k\u013cuva par faktorij\u0101m. 15. un 16. gadsimt\u0101 l\u012bdz 1000 v\u0101cie\u0161u p\u0101rziemoja Bergen\u0101, bet vasar\u0101 var\u0113ja b\u016bt divreiz vair\u0101k. 16. gadsimt\u0101 p\u0113c D\u0101nijas un Norv\u0113\u0123ijas kara\u013ca spiediena daudzi v\u0101cie\u0161i k\u013cuva par Bergenas pilso\u0146iem.<\/p>\n

Pateicoties Hanzas savien\u012bbai, norv\u0113\u0123i s\u0101ka apdz\u012bvot Zieme\u013cnorv\u0113\u0123iju, lai nodarbotos ar zveju. L\u012bdz tam tur dz\u012bvoja gandr\u012bz tikai s\u0101mi. Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 apmet\u0101s daudz v\u0101cie\u0161u, bet tie liel\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 nek\u0101 Latvij\u0101 asimil\u0113j\u0101s norv\u0113\u0123os. Tie nebija tikai tirgot\u0101ji, bet ar\u012b amatnieki un raktuvju str\u0101dnieki (16. un 17. gadsimt\u0101). Piem\u0113ram, raktuvju pils\u0113t\u0101 Kongsberg\u0101 s\u0101kum\u0101 gandr\u012bz visi bija v\u0101cie\u0161i, un R\u0113ros\u0101 (R\u00f8ros<\/em>) \u2013 gandr\u012bz puse.<\/p>\n

\n

Sav\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 valodu var sal\u012bdzin\u0101t ar senu pilskalnu, kur var veikt arheolo\u0123iskos atradumus. P\u0113tot v\u0101rdu cilmi, atkl\u0101jas ar\u012b tautas v\u0113sture un sakari ar cit\u0101m taut\u0101m.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Sav\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 valodu var sal\u012bdzin\u0101t ar senu pilskalnu, kur var veikt arheolo\u0123iskos atradumus. P\u0113tot v\u0101rdu cilmi, atkl\u0101jas ar\u012b tautas v\u0113sture un sakari ar cit\u0101m taut\u0101m. Kad latvietis m\u0101c\u0101s norv\u0113\u0123u vai k\u0101du citu skandin\u0101vu valodu vai otr\u0101di, vi\u0146\u0161 bie\u017ei br\u012bn\u0101s par visiem l\u012bdz\u012bgajiem v\u0101rdiem. Norv\u0113\u0123u un latvie\u0161u v\u0101rdu kr\u0101jumi par\u0101da cik lielu ietekmi Zieme\u013cv\u0101cu kult\u016bra ir atst\u0101jusi uz m\u016bsu taut\u0101m, gan caur tirdzniec\u012bbu, gan saskarsm\u0113 ar v\u0101cie\u0161iem, kas dz\u012bvoju\u0161i m\u016bsu zem\u0113s. \u012apa\u0161i tas attiecas uz t.s. kult\u016bras v\u0101rdiem, t.i., jaunu lietu un par\u0101d\u012bbu nosaukumiem. Ar\u012b zviedru, d\u0101\u0146u un latvie\u0161u valod\u0101 ir daudz aizguvumu no lejasv\u0101cu valodas. Tabul\u0101 dots da\u017eu aizg\u016btu v\u0101rdu sal\u012bdzin\u0101jums. V\u0101rdi ir no da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m nozar\u0113m un dz\u012bves jom\u0101m, un da\u017es labs norv\u0113\u0123is vai latvietis izbr\u012bn\u012bts izsauktos, bet tas ta\u010du ir vecs norv\u0113\u0123u vai latvie\u0161u v\u0101rds, vai tie\u0161\u0101m aizg\u016bts no lejasv\u0101cu valodas. Atbilde ir \u2013 j\u0101, tik tie\u0161\u0101m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
lejasv\u0101cu valod\u0101<\/strong><\/td>\nnorv\u0113\u0123u valod\u0101<\/strong><\/td>\nlatvie\u0161u<\/strong><\/p>\n

valod\u0101<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

treppe<\/em><\/td>\ntrapp<\/em><\/td>\ntrepes<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
l\u00eek<\/em><\/td>\nlik<\/em><\/td>\nl\u012b\u0137is<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
st\u00eef<\/em><\/td>\nstiv<\/em><\/td>\nst\u012bvs<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
schicke<\/em><\/td>\nskinke<\/em><\/td>\n\u0161\u0137i\u0146\u0137is<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
telt<\/em><\/td>\ntelt<\/em><\/td>\ntelts<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vr\u00ee<\/em><\/td>\nfri<\/em><\/td>\nbr\u012bvs<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
b\u00f4m<\/em><\/td>\nbom<\/em><\/td>\nbomis<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Cik liela ietekme bijusi lejasv\u0101cu valodai, par\u0101da ne tikai ietekmes norv\u0113\u0123u valodas leksik\u0101, bet ar\u012b v\u0101rddarin\u0101\u0161an\u0101. Norv\u0113\u0123u valod\u0101 vair\u0101ki pried\u0113k\u013ci un pied\u0113k\u013ci ir aizg\u016bti no lejasv\u0101cu valodas.<\/p>\n

Kop\u0101 ar Zieme\u013cv\u0101ciju, Zieme\u013cvalstis, Igaunija, Vidzeme un Kurzeme veidoju\u0161as luterisko kodolu. R\u012bga bija pirm\u0101 pils\u0113ta \u0101rpus V\u0101cijas, kur izplat\u012bj\u0101s M\u0101rti\u0146a Lutera m\u0101c\u012bba, bet Zieme\u013cvalst\u012bs tika pat dibin\u0101tas luterisk\u0101s Valsts bazn\u012bcas. Protestantismam ievie\u0161oties, daudz liel\u0101ka bija vajadz\u012bba p\u0113c tekstiem dzimtaj\u0101 valod\u0101, un tika izveidota latvie\u0161u rakstu valoda, un ar Zviedrijas atbalstu B\u012bbele 17. gs. beig\u0101s tika iztulkota un izdota latvie\u0161u valod\u0101. Norv\u0113\u0123ijai rezult\u0101ts bija pret\u0113js \u2013 nostiprin\u0101j\u0101s d\u0101\u0146u valoda k\u0101 rakstu valoda. Tikai 17. gs. Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 dibina pirmo spiestuvi un l\u012bdz tam visas gr\u0101matas iespieda D\u0101nij\u0101.<\/p>\n

Klostera Lase, kas pret straumi g\u0101ja<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Oskara<\/a>
Oskara G\u0101\u0161teina monogr\u0101fija par Klostera Lasi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Viens \u013coti interesants t\u0101laika cilv\u0113ks ir Norv\u0113\u0123ijas Laurics Nilsons (Lauritz Nielsson av Norge, Laurentius Nicolai Norvegus<\/em>, 1538-1622), kas ir starp nedaudzajiem Norv\u0113\u0123ijas 16. gadsimta m\u0101c\u012btiem v\u012briem. Vi\u0146\u0161 dzimis Tensberg\u0101\u00a0 gadu p\u0113c reform\u0101cijas ievie\u0161anas Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, beidza Oslo Domskolu, stud\u0113ja Kopenh\u0101gen\u0101 un dev\u0101s uz Be\u013c\u0123iju, kur iest\u0101j\u0101s Luv\u0113nas Universit\u0101t\u0113. Te vi\u0146\u0161 p\u0101rg\u0101ja kato\u013ctic\u012bb\u0101. 1564. gad\u0101 vi\u0146u uz\u0146\u0113ma jezu\u012btos un 1565. gad\u0101 vi\u0146u iesv\u0113t\u012bja par m\u0101c\u012bt\u0101ju. V\u0113l\u0101k vi\u0146\u0161 k\u013cuva par teolo\u0123ijas un filozofijas profesoru. Ar p\u0101vesta atbalstu vi\u0146\u0161 visu dz\u012bvi str\u0101d\u0101ja, lai no jauna ieviestu kato\u013ctic\u012bbu Skandin\u0101vij\u0101, kur varasiest\u0101d\u0113s kato\u013ci neb\u016bt nebija cie\u0146\u0101. Lai to \u012bstenotu, vi\u0146\u0161 1576. gad\u0101 dev\u0101s uz Zviedriju, kur vi\u0146\u0161 izlik\u0101s par luter\u0101\u0146u m\u0101c\u012bt\u0101ju un slepen\u012bb\u0101 nodibin\u0101ja jezu\u012btu kol\u0113\u0123iju. Karalis Juhans III vi\u0146am deva atbild\u012bbu par augst\u0101ko izgl\u012bt\u012bbu valst\u012b, bet bija tikai sauji\u0146a cilv\u0113ku, kas zin\u0101ja, ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir katolis. 1580. gad\u0101 vi\u0146a \u012bst\u0101 identit\u0101te k\u013cuva zin\u0101ma un vi\u0146u izraid\u012bja no valsts. V\u0113l\u0101k vi\u0146\u0161 ce\u013coja \u00a0pa Eiropu un darboj\u0101s k\u0101 rakstnieks un skolot\u0101js un dz\u012bvoja Braunsberg\u0101, Rom\u0101, V\u012bn\u0113, Pr\u0101g\u0101, Gr\u0101c\u0101 un Krakov\u0101. V\u0113l\u0101k vi\u0146\u0161 brauca ar\u012b uz D\u0101niju un Norv\u0113\u0123iju, lai nodibin\u0101tu jezu\u012btu kol\u0113\u0123iju. Kopenh\u0101gen\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 ierad\u0101s 1606. gad\u0101, lai p\u0101rliecin\u0101tu Kristianu IV, bet vi\u0146u izraid\u012bja. Klostera Lases darbus las\u012bja vis\u0101 Eirop\u0101. Baunsberg\u0101, kur Lase uztur\u0113j\u0101s 1607. gad\u0101, ierad\u0101s Antonijs fon Gr\u0101fens (Antonius von Graven<\/em>) no R\u012bgas. Ar vi\u0146a starpniec\u012bbu Lase sask\u0101r\u0101s ar \u00a0v\u0113l\u0101ko Zviedru Vidzemes luter\u0101\u0146u \u00a0superintendentu Hermanu Samsonu (H. Samson, 1579\u20131643), kas v\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s sa\u0146emt vi\u0146a rakst\u012bto \u201eConfessio Christiana<\/em>\u201d. Lase to aizs\u016bt\u012bja ar nosac\u012bjumu, ka Samsons uzrakst\u012bs recenziju. P\u0113c se\u0161iem gadiem Hermans Samsons G\u012bsen\u0101, V\u0101cij\u0101, 1615. gad\u0101 izdeva gr\u0101matu divos s\u0113jumos (\u201eAnti Jesuita\u201d) \u2013 tas bija pretraksts Lasem. Darbs bija velt\u012bts Kristianam IV cer\u012bb\u0101, ka vi\u0146\u0161 nezaud\u0113s pareizo, luterisko tic\u012bbu. 1610. gada Klostera Lasi p\u0101rc\u0113la uz R\u012bgu, kas tolaik bija Polijas-Lietuvas sast\u0101v\u0101 un kur norisin\u0101j\u0101s c\u012b\u0146as starp kato\u013ciem un protestantiem. 1621. gada septembr\u012b zviedri ie\u0146\u0113ma R\u012bgu un ar to beidz\u0101s jezu\u012btu darb\u012bba R\u012bg\u0101, kas bija past\u0101v\u0113jusi kop\u0161 1583. gada. Pirms tam kol\u0113\u0123ija bija evaku\u0113jusi visas v\u0113rt\u012bg\u0101k\u0101s mantas un R\u012bg\u0101 bija paliku\u0161i tikai asto\u0146i jezu\u012bti, kas apsarg\u0101tu \u0113kas. To vid\u016b bija ar\u012b Lase.<\/p>\n

\n

Lase bezbail\u012bgi, skat\u012bdamies karalim ac\u012bs, esot atbild\u0113jis: \u201eT\u0101 ir mana cer\u012bba, augsti god\u0101tais karali, ka mana tic\u012bba pasarg\u0101s mani no t\u0101s vietas, uz kurieni J\u016bsu majest\u0101te dodas J\u016bsu reli\u0123ijas d\u0113\u013c\u201d.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Gustavs II \u0100dolfs bija \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi izbr\u012bn\u012bts un dusm\u012bgs, ieraugot jezu\u012btu starp\u0101 veco, un Zviedrij\u0101 ien\u012bsto Lasi. Karalis esot b\u013c\u0101vis Lasem: \u201eSasod\u012btais veci! Vai tu v\u0113l esi dz\u012bvs? Vai tu nekad neatv\u0113rsi savas acis paties\u012bbai, kurmis t\u0101ds! Vai tu tie\u0161\u0101m neesi dzird\u0113jis par m\u016b\u017e\u012bgaj\u0101m liesm\u0101m, kas tevi gaida, ja nepievienosies \u012bstenai tic\u012bbai\u201d. Lase bezbail\u012bgi, skat\u012bdamies karalim ac\u012bs, esot atbild\u0113jis: \u201eT\u0101 ir mana cer\u012bba, augsti god\u0101tais karali, ka mana tic\u012bba pasarg\u0101s mani no t\u0101s vietas, uz kurieni J\u016bsu majest\u0101te dodas J\u016bsu reli\u0123ijas d\u0113\u013c\u201d. Tom\u0113r jezu\u012btiem \u013c\u0101va iet, jo to karalis bija apsol\u012bjis v\u0113l pirms tam, kad uzzin\u0101jis, ka vi\u0146u starp\u0101 ir Lase.\u00a0 Kad vi\u0146i dev\u0101s uz Vi\u013c\u0146u, veseli 200 j\u0101tnieku vi\u0146us pavad\u012bja. Dro\u0161s paliek dro\u0161s. Vi\u013c\u0146\u0101 par Lasi r\u016bp\u0113j\u0101s. Jezu\u012btu kol\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 s\u0101ka m\u0101c\u012bt mor\u0101les teolo\u0123iju.1622. gad\u0101 5. maij\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 nomira Vi\u013c\u0146\u0101 un ir apglab\u0101ts Vi\u013c\u0146as Universit\u0101tes bazn\u012bc\u0101, kur ar\u012b labaj\u0101 pus\u0113 no ieejas ir redzama 1990. gad\u0101 uzst\u0101d\u012bta piemi\u0146as pl\u0101ksne.<\/p>\n

Kurzemnieki Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101<\/strong><\/p>\n

Viens no aizraut\u012bg\u0101kajiem posmiem Latvijas v\u0113stur\u0113 ir uz\u0146\u0113m\u012bg\u0101 hercoga J\u0113kaba Ketlera (1642\u20131682) laiki, kad notiek rosm\u012bga saimnieciska darb\u012bba un tirdzniec\u012bba. \u0160aj\u0101 laik\u0101 hercogistei Baltijas piekrast\u0113 pat ir savas kolonijas Gambij\u0101 un Tob\u0101go. Ku\u0123u b\u016bvei, iero\u010diem un citiem nol\u016bkiem bija vajadz\u012bga kvalitat\u012bva dzelzs. Jau Kristiana IV laikos J\u0113kabs ieguva koncesiju sudraba mekl\u0113\u0161anai Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, bet nav zin\u0101ms, vai vi\u0146\u0161 to ir izmantojis. 1663. gad\u0101 Hercogs nosl\u0113dza l\u012bgumu ar D\u0101nijas un Norv\u0113\u0123ijas karali Frederiku III par ties\u012bb\u0101m Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 ieg\u016bt sudrabu, svinu, kaparu un dzelzi. J\u0113kabs t\u0101pat \u012br\u0113ja zemi Flekerej\u0101 (Flekker\u00f8y<\/em>) Kristiansannas (Kristiansand<\/em>) cietok\u0161\u0146a aizsardz\u012bb\u0101, lai tur var\u0113tu p\u0101rkrav\u0101t savus ku\u0123us. Kurzemei bija raktuves Eidsvoll\u0101 ( \u0161is vietv\u0101rds visvair\u0101k asoci\u0113jas ar Norv\u0113\u0123ijas neatkar\u012bbu, jo p\u0113c pusotra gadsimta \u2013 1814. gada 17. maij\u0101 \u2013 tie\u0161i taj\u0101 viet\u0101 tika parakst\u012bta Norv\u0113\u0123ijas konstit\u016bcija). Hercoga J\u0113kaba laikos norv\u0113\u0123i nem\u0113dza str\u0101d\u0101t raktuv\u0113s, p\u0101rsvar\u0101 tie bija v\u0101cie\u0161i. \u012ar\u0113taj\u0101s raktuv\u0113s da\u017ei v\u0101cie\u0161i jau str\u0101d\u0101ja, bet vajadz\u0113ja vair\u0101k str\u0101dnieku. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c vair\u0101kas kurzemnieku \u0123imenes tika s\u016bt\u012btas uz Norv\u0113\u0123iju. Darbs Kurzemes raktuv\u0113s Eidsvoll\u0101 nebija \u012bpa\u0161i ienes\u012bgs un p\u0113c 25 gadiem beidz\u0101s. P\u0101rceltie kurzemnieki laika gait\u0101 s\u0101ka str\u0101d\u0101t lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 un pamaz\u0101m asimil\u0113j\u0101s norv\u0113\u0123u sabiedr\u012bb\u0101. Interesanti, ka norv\u0113\u0123u avotos kurzemnieku p\u0113cte\u010di tiek aprakst\u012bti k\u0101 draudz\u012bg\u0101ki, c\u0113l\u0101ki, piekl\u0101j\u012bg\u0101ki un \u00a0izskat\u012bg\u0101ki nek\u0101 apk\u0101rt\u0113jie norv\u0113\u0123i.<\/p>\n

Kalna Jepe, kas par mui\u017enieku tapa p\u0101rv\u0113rsts<\/strong><\/p>\n

Norv\u0113\u0123ijai ir cie\u0161as saist\u012bbas ar latvie\u0161u dramatur\u0123ijas un te\u0101tra v\u0113stures s\u0101kumiem. \u00a0Jau 18. gadsimta beig\u0101s uz Latvijas<\/p>\n

\"Ludvigs<\/a>
Ludvigs Holbergs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

v\u0101cu skatuv\u0113m izr\u0101d\u012bja vair\u0101kas bergenie\u0161a Ludviga Holberga (1684-1754) lugas. 1790. gad\u0101 Jelgav\u0101 izn\u0101ca luga \u201eKalna Jepe<\/em>\u201d (Jeppe paa Bierget, 1724), kurai latviskais nosaukums bija \u201cLustessp\u0113le no zemnieka kas par mui\u017enieku tape p\u0101rv\u0113rsts<\/em>\u201d Aleksandra Johana Stendera jeb Jaun\u0101 Stendera\u00a0 lokaliz\u0113jum\u0101. Lugai ir bijusi liela piekri\u0161ana latvie\u0161os un t\u0101 ir izdota v\u0113l div\u0101s versij\u0101s, un iestud\u0113ta daudz rei\u017eu. \u00a0V\u0113l 2004. gad\u0101 M\u0101ra Z\u0101l\u012bte izveidoja izr\u0101di \u201e\u0160e tev \u017d\u016bpu B\u0113rtulis!\u201d ar Art\u016bru Skrasti\u0146u titullom\u0101, par pamatu \u0146emot \u0161o lugu. Latvij\u0101 Jepi lab\u0101k paz\u012bst k\u0101 \u017d\u016bpu B\u0113rtuli, k\u0101 vi\u0146u sauc lokaliz\u0113taj\u0101 versij\u0101. Latvie\u0161u biedr\u012bbas 1868. gada lugas uzvedums Turnhall\u0113 pie tagad\u0113j\u0101 Kongresu nama R\u012bg\u0101 ar\u012b tiek uzskat\u012bts par latvie\u0161u profesion\u0101l\u0101 te\u0101tra s\u0101kumu.<\/p>\n

Holbergs ir dzimis Bergen\u0101, kur ar\u012b uzaudzis. Taj\u0101 laik\u0101 Norv\u0113\u0123ija un D\u0101nija bija viena valsts; Norv\u0113\u0123ija bija D\u0101nijas province. Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 nebija augstskolu, un, lai m\u0101c\u012btos, norv\u0113\u0123iem n\u0101c\u0101s braukt uz Kopenh\u0101genu. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c ar\u012b Holbergs tur ierad\u0101s. Vi\u0146\u0161 daudz ce\u013coja pa Eiropu un iepazin\u0101s ar jaun\u0101kajiem virzieniem t\u0101laika Eiropas klasicisma literat\u016br\u0101. 1714. gad\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 k\u013c\u016bst par filozofijas profesoru Kopenh\u0101genas Universit\u0101t\u0113, 1717. gad\u0101 \u2013 par metafizikas profesoru, 1720. gad\u0101 \u2013 par retorikas profesoru un 1730. gad\u0101 \u2013 par v\u0113stures profesoru. 1714.-1716. gad\u0101, atgrie\u017eoties p\u0113c ce\u013cojuma pa Franciju un It\u0101liju, kur vi\u0146\u0161 iepazin\u0101s ar Molj\u0113ra dai\u013cradi, Holbergs s\u0101ka rakst\u012bt dai\u013cliterat\u016bru. 1722. gad\u0101 Kopenh\u0101gen\u0101 atv\u0113ra pirmo te\u0101tri, un p\u0113c tam Holbergs \u0161\u012b te\u0101tra vajadz\u012bb\u0101m uzrakst\u012bja 36 lugas. Vi\u0146\u0161 bija ar\u012b pirmais filozofs D\u0101nij\u0101 un Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, kas bija atbr\u012bvojies no sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101s teolo\u0123ijas ietekmes. 1741.gad\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 lat\u012b\u0146u valod\u0101 izdeva sat\u012brisko rom\u0101nu \u201cNilsa Klimsa pazemes ce\u013cojums\u201d, kas dr\u012bz vien k\u013cuva par di\u017ep\u0101rdokli vis\u0101 Eirop\u0101. Vi\u0146\u0161 ir ar\u012b esejas \u017eanra pamatlic\u0113js norv\u0113\u0123u un d\u0101\u0146u literat\u016br\u0101.<\/p>\n

\"Untitled-9\"<\/a>
No LU studentu te\u0101tra 2001. gada Kalna Jepes iestud\u0113juma. Foto: Anita Zvaigzn\u012bte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Latvij\u0101 Holbergu iepaz\u012bst vispirms k\u0101 d\u0101\u0146u rakstnieku. Kad Nacion\u0101laj\u0101 te\u0101tr\u012b 1933. gada febru\u0101r\u012b uzveda \u201cKalna Jepi\u201d D\u0101\u0146u-latvie\u0161u biedr\u012bbas dibin\u0101\u0161anas sakar\u0101 (\u0161im uzvedumam Kopenh\u0101genas Karaliskais te\u0101tris bija aizdevis kost\u012bmus un m\u016bziku), norv\u0113\u0123u av\u012bze \u201cDagbladet\u201d to koment\u0113ja \u0161\u0101di: \u201cNorv\u0113\u0123is Ludvigs Holbergs t\u0101tad liks pamatakmeni d\u0101\u0146u biedr\u012bbai Latvij\u0101. M\u016bs \u013coti interes\u0113tu, k\u0101du m\u016bziku Karaliskais te\u0101tris b\u016bs aizdevis svin\u012bgajam pas\u0101kumam. Varb\u016bt Edvarda Griga sv\u012btu \u201cNo Holberga laikiem<\/em>\u201d? Raksta nosaukums \u2013 \u201cHolberga okup\u0101cija\u201d \u2013 ir z\u012bm\u012bgs. M\u016bsdien\u0101s gan m\u0113dz run\u0101t par d\u0101\u0146u un norv\u0113\u0123u kopliterat\u016bru \u0161aj\u0101 laikposm\u0101.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

J\u016brniec\u012bba, vijoles ska\u0146as un literat\u016bra<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Sj\u00f8mannsparl\u00f8r<\/a>
1881. gada J\u016brniec\u012bbas v\u0101rdn\u012bca<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

19. gadsimt\u0101 Norv\u0113\u0123ija bija viena no visliel\u0101kaj\u0101m ku\u0123niec\u012bbas n\u0101cij\u0101m pasaul\u0113, un, protams, ne mazums norv\u0113\u0123u b\u016bs iegriezu\u0161ies R\u012bgas ost\u0101 un cit\u0101s ost\u0101s. Ne velti pirm\u0101 v\u0101rdn\u012bca, kur ir ietverta gan latvie\u0161u, gan norv\u0113\u0123u valoda, ir j\u016brniec\u012bbas sarunv\u0101rdn\u012bca. To Kri\u0161j\u0101nis Valdem\u0101rs izdeva Maskav\u0101, 1881 gad\u0101. Str\u0101d\u0101dams P\u0113terburg\u0101 par ier\u0113dni, vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b apmekl\u0113ja Norv\u0113\u0123iju, lai iepaz\u012btos ar veiksm\u012bgo j\u016brniec\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Lasot norv\u0113\u0123u dai\u013cliterat\u016bru, redzam, ka \u201eR\u012bgas Melnais balz\u0101ms\u201d k\u0101dreiz ir bijis \u013coti iecien\u012bts dz\u0113riens. Ne tikai dz\u0113riens. Norv\u0113\u0123u valodas v\u0101rdn\u012bcas v\u0101rds rigabalsam<\/em>, ar\u012b apz\u012bm\u0113 \u0101rstniec\u012bbas e\u013c\u013cu. Latvij\u0101 turpret\u012b bija iecien\u012bt\u0101s norv\u0113\u0123u si\u013c\u0137es.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Slavenais norv\u0113\u0123u vijolnieks, Edvarda Griga skolot\u0101js un komponists \u016ale Bulls (Ole Bull<\/em>) 1838. gad\u0101 koncert\u0113ja R\u012bg\u0101, Jelgav\u0101 un Liep\u0101j\u0101. Tie\u0161i taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 R\u012bg\u0101 darboj\u0101s \u00a0Rihards V\u0101gners . 1839. gad\u0101 \u00a0lielais v\u0101cu komponists bija spiests b\u0113gt no saviem kreditoriem, un \u0161is ku\u0123a brauciens no R\u012bgas ce\u013c\u0101 uz Londonu vi\u0146u aizveda uz Norv\u0113\u0123iju. Ce\u013cojums ilga tr\u012bsarpus ned\u0113\u013cu un pa ce\u013cam bija lielas v\u0113tras un ku\u0123is avar\u0113ja norv\u0113\u0123u \u0161\u0113r\u0101s. \u0160\u012b ce\u013cojuma laik\u0101 dzird\u0113tie j\u016brnieku st\u0101sti iedvesmoja vi\u0146u uzrakst\u012bt \u201eKl\u012bsto\u0161o holandieti\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Latvijai un Norv\u0113\u0123ijai ir daudz kop\u012bga ar\u012b t\u0101p\u0113c, ka esam mazas un sam\u0113r\u0101 jaunas n\u0101cijas, kas izveidoj\u0101s 19. gadsimt\u0101. Ab\u0101m taut\u0101m nacion\u0101la identit\u0101te un nacion\u0101la pa\u0161apzi\u0146a ir \u013coti b\u016btiska. Gan norv\u0113\u0123i, gan latvie\u0161i mekl\u0113 nacion\u0101lo identit\u0101ti, un bie\u017ei jaut\u0101, kas \u012bsti ir latviskais un norv\u0113\u0123iskais. Abas tautas pie\u0161\u0137ir tautas trad\u012bcij\u0101m lielu noz\u012bmi. Reizumis mums pat ir gr\u016bti ieraudz\u012bt, ka m\u016bsu dz\u012bves caurstr\u0101vo citu tautu un kult\u016bru ietekme. Un, ja m\u0113s da\u013cu no t\u0101 redzam, tad m\u0113s varam s\u0101kt uztraukties. V\u0101cu filozofa Johana Gotfr\u012bda Herdera kult\u016brnacion\u0101lisma filozofija \u00a0gan bijusi svar\u012bga abu tautu nacion\u0101laj\u0101m dom\u0101m.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>19. gs. beig\u0101s izrais\u0101s \u013coti liela interese par norv\u0113\u0123u literat\u016bru vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113. Bj\u0113rnstj\u0113rnem Bj\u0113rnsonam (Bj\u00f8rnstjerne Bj\u00f8rnson<\/em>, 1832-1910) ir svar\u012bga loma latvie\u0161u kult\u016brv\u0113stur\u0113 un latvie\u0161u re\u0101listisk\u0101s literat\u016bras att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101. Vi\u0146am bija \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi pla\u0161as intereses un vi\u0146\u0161 bija ar\u012b politiski akt\u012bvs cilv\u0113ks. B\u016bdams liels orators, vi\u0146\u0161 bija paz\u012bstams gan Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, gan \u0101rzem\u0113s. Bj\u0113rnsons rakst\u012bja gan dr\u0101mas, gan prozu, gan dzeju. Vi\u0146\u0161 ir ar\u012b Norv\u0113\u0123ijas himnas \u201cJ\u0101, m\u0113s m\u012blam \u0161o valsti\u201d (Ja, vi elsker dette landet<\/em>) v\u0101rdu autors. 1903. gad\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 sa\u0146\u0113ma Nobela pr\u0113miju literat\u016br\u0101. Ar Bj\u0113rnsonu ar\u012b s\u0101k\u0101s jauns posms Zieme\u013cvalstu un Latvijas liter\u0101rajos sakaros, jo Bj\u0113rnsons bija pirmais norv\u0113\u0123u rakstnieks, kuru tulkoja p\u0113c \u201cKalna Jepes\u201d lokaliz\u0113juma. St\u0101sts \u201e\u0100rne\u201d izn\u0101ca 1879. gad\u0101. V\u0113l\u0101k luga \u201eRedaktors\u201d par\u0101d\u0101s uz R\u012bgas Latvie\u0161u te\u0101tra skatuves 1883. gad\u0101. Latvij\u0101 ir public\u0113ti ap 60 Bj\u0113rnsona tekstu un 9 lugas ir uzvestas latvie\u0161u te\u0101tros.<\/p>\n

Ap gadsimtu miju norv\u0113\u0123u rakstnieka Henrika Ibsena (Henrik Ibsen<\/em>, 1828-1906) dr\u0101mas ieg\u016bst milz\u012bgu noz\u012bmi latvie\u0161u kult\u016br\u0101. 1889. gad\u0101 uzveda vi\u0146a lugu \u201eSabiedr\u012bbas p\u012bl\u0101ri \u201d, <\/em>un laikposm\u0101 no 1889.gada l\u012bdz 1918. gadam Ibsens bija vispopul\u0101r\u0101kais \u0101rzemju dramaturgs Latvij\u0101. Ibsena ietekme ir j\u016btama ar\u012b daudzu latvie\u0161u rakstnieku darbos, Ibsena mot\u012bvus ir izmantoju\u0161i rakstnieki, piem\u0113ram,\u00a0 Aleksandrs \u010caks, Elza \u0136ezbere, J\u0101nis Grots, R\u016bdolfs Blaumanis. Latvie\u0161u meiten\u0113m dr\u012bz p\u0113c P\u0113ra Ginta pirmizr\u0101des par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s v\u0101rds Solveiga.<\/p>\n

Ibsena popularit\u0101te Latvij\u0101 ir bijusi \u013coti liela. Ibsena noz\u012bm\u012bgumu labi izsaka Rai\u0146a v\u0101rdi run\u0101 Ibsena sv\u0113tkos Oslo, 1928. gada 20. mart\u0101: Ibsens ar sav\u0101m lug\u0101m mums pal\u012bdz\u0113jis c\u012bn\u012bties par progresu, izkopt jaunu literat\u016bras periodu, karot par sievietes emancip\u0101ciju, vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b stiprin\u0101ja m\u016bs uz c\u012b\u0146\u0101m par m\u016bsu patst\u0101v\u012bbu. <\/em><\/p>\n

19. gadsimta 80. un 90. gados izn\u0101ca Aleksandra Hjellanna (Alexander Kielland<\/em>), J\u016bnasa L\u012b (Jonas Lie<\/em>) un Juhana Bojera (Johan Boyer<\/em>) darbi latviski, un l\u012bdz gadsimtu mijai bija p\u0101rtulkoti 12 da\u017e\u0101du norv\u0113\u0123u rakstnieku darbi. Kad Latvij\u0101 1918. gad\u0101 ieguva neatkar\u012bbu, jau p\u0101ri par 30 rakstnieku bija tulkoti latvie\u0161u valod\u0101.<\/p>\n

Piektais gads<\/strong><\/p>\n

1905. gada v\u0113stur\u0113 m\u016bsu taut\u0101m tie\u0161u sakaru nav, bet tas ir \u013coti svar\u012bgs gads. Latvijas v\u0113stur\u0113, lai gan past\u0101v da\u017e\u0101di uzskati, 1905. gads veido latvie\u0161u tautas salied\u0113t\u012bbu un aizmetni br\u012bvvalsts rad\u012b\u0161anai. 1905. gads Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 iez\u012bm\u0113 pilnas neatkar\u012bbas ieg\u016b\u0161anu, jo Norv\u0113\u0123ijas un Zviedrijas savien\u012bba tiek atcelta. 1905. gads ir gads, kad ar\u012b da\u017ei latvie\u0161u b\u0113g\u013ci sekm\u0113 abu valstu tuvin\u0101\u0161anos. Te v\u0113l\u0113tos izcelt \u010detrus, proti, J\u0101ni Akurateru, K\u0101rli Skalbi, Lizeti Skalbi un Art\u016bru Vanagu.<\/p>\n

Rakstnieks un soci\u0101ldemokr\u0101ts J\u0101nis Akuraters bija viens no rusific\u0113\u0161anas politikas as\u0101kajiem kritiz\u0113t\u0101jiem. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no daudziem citiem soci\u0101ldemokr\u0101tiem, Akuraters uzsv\u0113ra ar\u012b nacion\u0101lo aspektu. Vi\u0146apr\u0101t, revol\u016bcija bija ce\u013c\u0161 uz autonomiju. Par sav\u0101m radik\u0101laj\u0101m dom\u0101m un publik\u0101cij\u0101m vi\u0146u vair\u0101kk\u0101rt apcietina un vair\u0101kus m\u0113ne\u0161us notur apcietin\u0101jum\u0101 1905. un 1906. gad\u0101. 1907. gad\u0101 vi\u0146u izs\u016bta nometin\u0101\u0161anai Pleskav\u0101. No turienes vi\u0146\u0161 slepeni dodas uz Somiju, kur uzturas ar\u012b daudzi citi b\u0113g\u013ci. 1908. gada janv\u0101r\u012b vi\u0146\u0161 dodas uz Turku un t\u0101l\u0101k uz Stokholmu un Kristi\u0101niju (Oslo). Akuraters dz\u012bvo Kristi\u0101nijas nomal\u0113, str\u0101dnieku rajon\u0101, maz\u0101 istab\u0101. Vi\u0146\u0161 dz\u012bvo \u013coti tr\u016bc\u012bgi, bet m\u0101c\u0101s norv\u0113\u0123u valodu un lasa Knuta Hamsuna darbus. Vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b bie\u017ei apmekl\u0113 Nacion\u0101l\u0101 te\u0101tra izr\u0101des. Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 uzraksta paz\u012bstamo st\u0101stu \u201eKalpa z\u0113na vasara\u201d. 1908. gada ruden\u012b vi\u0146\u0161 atgrie\u017eas Latvij\u0101. Akuraters v\u0113l\u0101k latviski ir atdzejojis Henrika Ibsena darbus \u201eP\u0113rs Gints\u201d un \u201eBrands\u201d.<\/p>\n

\n

Akuraters dz\u012bvo Kristi\u0101nijas nomal\u0113, str\u0101dnieku rajon\u0101, maz\u0101 istab\u0101. Vi\u0146\u0161 dz\u012bvo \u013coti tr\u016bc\u012bgi, bet m\u0101c\u0101s norv\u0113\u0123u valodu un lasa Knuta Hamsuna darbus.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n
\"K\u0101rlis<\/a>
K\u0101rlis Skalbe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

K\u0101rlis Skalbe (1879 \u2013 1945) bija soci\u0101ldemokr\u0101ts un rakst\u012bja kritiskus rakstus par soda eksped\u012bcij\u0101m \u017eurn\u0101l\u0101 \u201dK\u0101vi\u201d, kur vi\u0146\u0161 pats bija redaktors. Vi\u0146u ar topo\u0161o sievu Lizeti Erdmani arest\u0113, bet vi\u0146iem izdodas atbr\u012bvoties un vi\u0146i \u00a0aizbrauca uz Somiju, kur vi\u0146i paliek ilg\u0101k par gadu. Latvijas policija ir Skalbem uz p\u0113d\u0101m un vi\u0146am j\u0101b\u0113g t\u0101l\u0101k, prom no Krievijas imp\u0113rijas. 1907. gada 24. decembr\u012b K\u0101rlis Skalbe ierodas Kristi\u0101nij\u0101, kur vi\u0146\u0161 dz\u012bvo l\u012bdz 1909. gada oktobrim. Dr\u012bz pievienojas Lizete un vi\u0146i kop\u0101 dz\u012bvo tr\u016bc\u012bgos apst\u0101k\u013cos. Skalbe Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 str\u0101d\u0101 pie \u00a0dzejo\u013cu kr\u0101juma \u201eEmigranta dziesmas\u201d. Norv\u0113\u0123ijas daba dod Skalbem iedvesmu. Norv\u0113\u0123ijas ainavas ar\u012b atrodamas vi\u0146a dai\u013cdarbos. Vi\u0146\u0161 raksta par Ibsenu un Bj\u0113rnsonu, bet visvair\u0101k vi\u0146\u0161 interes\u0113jas par Hamsunu. Lizete Skalbe k\u013c\u016bst par vienu no izcil\u0101kaj\u0101m skandin\u0101vu literat\u016bras tulkot\u0101j\u0101m Latvij\u0101. \u00a0Liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 vi\u0146as nopelns ir tas , ka norv\u0113\u0123u literat\u016bra ir tik paz\u012bstama Latvij\u0101. 20. gadsimta s\u0101kum\u0101 sakari ar norv\u0113\u0123u literat\u016bru k\u013cuva tie\u0161\u0101ki, jo l\u012bdz tam v\u0101cu kult\u016brvide bija vidut\u0101ja.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Divas neatkar\u012bgas valstis starpkaru laik\u0101<\/strong><\/p>\n

Norv\u0113\u0123ija atzina Baltijas valstu neatkar\u012bbu 1921. gada 5. febru\u0101r\u012b, bet starpkaru laik\u0101 neizr\u0101d\u012bja \u012bpa\u0161i lielu interesi par Baltiju. Tom\u0113r j\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka Norv\u0113\u0123ija bija pirm\u0101 valsts, kas Latvijai 1920. gad\u0101 p\u0113c neatkar\u012bbas ieg\u016b\u0161anas sniedza aizdevumu, proti, 6 miljonu kronu si\u013c\u0137u un zivju e\u013c\u013cas ieg\u0101dei. 1924. gad\u0101 tika nosl\u0113gts tirdzniec\u012bbas un ku\u0123niec\u012bbas l\u012bgums starp Norv\u0113\u0123iju un Latviju. Latvijai bija 10 konsul\u0101ti Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 no Kristiansannas dienvidos l\u012bdz Vardei (Vard\u00f8<\/em>) zieme\u013cos. Oslo bija Latvijas \u0123ener\u0101lkonsul\u0101ts, ko vad\u012bja Art\u016brs Vanags (1882-1970), kas bija ieradies Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 sakar\u0101 ar 1905. g. revol\u016bciju. Par goda konsul\u0101ro a\u0123entu vi\u0146u iec\u0113la 1919. gad\u0101. Vi\u0146\u0161 daudz str\u0101d\u0101ja, lai sekm\u0113tu tirdzniec\u012bbas un kult\u016bras sakarus starp ab\u0101m valst\u012bm 20. un 30. gados. Latvija import\u0113ja zivis un ku\u0123us no Norv\u0113\u0123ijas, bet Norv\u0113\u0123ija no Latvijas import\u0113ja sviestu, ga\u013cu, linus, \u0101du un tehniku. R\u016bpn\u012bcai \u201eVEF\u201d bija sava p\u0101rst\u0101vniec\u012bba Oslo. Bija abpus\u0113ji koncerti, izst\u0101des un Art\u016brs Vanags r\u012bkoja m\u016bzi\u0137u, zin\u0101tnieku, sportistu un studentu apmai\u0146u. Latvij\u0101 norv\u0113\u0123u konsul\u0101ti bija R\u012bg\u0101, Liep\u0101j\u0101 un Ventspil\u012b.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Okup\u0101cijas un dzelzs priek\u0161kars<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>K\u0101 jau esam redz\u0113ju\u0161i, V\u0101cija ir atst\u0101jusi \u013coti lielu ietekmi gan uz Latvijas, gan Norv\u0113\u0123ijas kult\u016bru, ekonomiku, zin\u0101tni un cit\u0101m sabiedr\u012bbas jom\u0101m. Ab\u0101m valst\u012bm v\u0101cisk\u0101 ietekme ir bijis bag\u0101tin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s avots. Tan\u012b pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 v\u0101cie\u0161iem ir bijusi p\u0101ri dar\u012bt\u0101jas loma ab\u0101s taut\u0101s. Kop\u0161 viduslaikiem v\u0101cie\u0161i bija kungi Baltij\u0101 un saglab\u0101ja savu domin\u0113jo\u0161o ietekmi \u00a0l\u012bdz pat Latvijas neatkar\u012bbas ieg\u016b\u0161anai. Hitlerisk\u0101 V\u0101cija Otr\u0101 Pasaules kara laik\u0101 okup\u0113ja abas valstis un izn\u012bcin\u0101ja \u013coti lielu da\u013cu abu valstu ebreju. Tiesa, ab\u0101s valst\u012bs ar\u012b bija l\u012bdzskr\u0113j\u0113ji, bet v\u0101cu ietekme p\u0113c kara ir stipri samazin\u0101jusies. L\u012bdz pat Otrajam pasaules karam gan norv\u0113\u0123iem, gan latvie\u0161iem v\u0101cu valoda bija pirm\u0101 sve\u0161valoda skol\u0101s. Politisku iemeslu d\u0113\u013c to aizst\u0101ja krievu valoda Latvij\u0101 un ang\u013cu valoda Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Zieme\u013cnorv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 \u00a0Sarkan\u0101 armija zin\u0101m\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 pat ieguva varo\u0146u statusu t\u0101p\u0113c, ka t\u0101 atbr\u012bvoja \u0161o Norv\u0113\u0123ijas da\u013cu, \u00a0turpret\u012b Latvija p\u0113c kara palika Padomju Savien\u012bbas sast\u0101v\u0101, un \u0161is laiks galvenok\u0101rt saist\u0101s ar okup\u0101ciju, deport\u0101cij\u0101m, diktat\u016bru un nebr\u012bvi. Ofici\u0101li Norv\u0113\u0123ija nekad neatzina Latvijas iek\u013cau\u0161anu PSRS sast\u0101v\u0101, t\u0101p\u0113c padomju laik\u0101 norv\u0113\u0123u valstsv\u012bri nekad neapmekl\u0113ja Baltijas valstis. Bet vai Norv\u0113\u0123ija de facto <\/em>atzina okup\u0101ciju, ir diskut\u0113jams jaut\u0101jums, jo Norv\u0113\u0123ijai piecdesmito gadu beig\u0101s bija slepenas sarunas ar Padomju Savien\u012bbu par norv\u0113\u0123u \u012bpa\u0161umu kompens\u0101ciju Baltij\u0101. 1946. gad\u0101 Norv\u0113\u0123ijas valsts banka Latvijas nauda bija p\u0101rvedusi Padomju \u00a0Savien\u012bbas v\u0113stniec\u012bbai. T\u0101 laika dokumenti par\u0101da, ka norv\u0113\u0123u ier\u0113d\u0146i pa\u0161i uzskata, ka vi\u0146i de facto <\/em>ir atzinu\u0161i Baltijas valstu iek\u013cau\u0161anu Padomju Savien\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

\n

Bet vai Norv\u0113\u0123ija de facto <\/em>atzina okup\u0101ciju, ir diskut\u0113jams jaut\u0101jums, jo Norv\u0113\u0123ijai piecdesmito gadu beig\u0101s bija slepenas sarunas ar Padomju Savien\u012bbu par norv\u0113\u0123u \u012bpa\u0161umu kompens\u0101ciju Baltij\u0101.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Otr\u0101 Pasaules kara laik\u0101 t\u016bksto\u0161iem latvie\u0161u dev\u0101s b\u0113g\u013cu gait\u0101s uz Rietumiem. Tikai nedaudzi no vi\u0146iem apmet\u0101s Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101. Da\u017ei dab\u016bja darbu, bet daudzi bija t.s. m\u012bnus-b\u0113g\u013ci, t.i. slimie un vecie, kam nebija apg\u0101dnieku. Tika izveidota organiz\u0101cija \u201eLatvie\u0161u Pal\u012bdz\u012bbas biedr\u012bba Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101\u201d, kas v\u0113l\u0101k p\u0101rtapa par Latvie\u0161u biedr\u012bbu Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101. Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 ir ar\u012b latvie\u0161u evan\u0123\u0113liski-luterisk\u0101 draudze.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0160aj\u0101 laik\u0101 gandr\u012bz nek\u0101das saskarsmes starp ab\u0101m valst\u012bm nebija dzelzs priek\u0161kara d\u0113\u013c. Tom\u0113r padomju laik\u0101 norv\u0113\u0123u un cita skandin\u0101vu literat\u016bra tika tulkota latvie\u0161u valod\u0101 un tulkot\u0101jas Elija Kliene, Ieva Celmi\u0146a, Solveiga Elsberga, Ilze Ka\u010devska, Rute Ledi\u0146a, un Mud\u012bte Treimane izdar\u012bja svar\u012bgu darbu, lai ar Skandin\u0101viju vismaz b\u016btu liter\u0101rie sakari.<\/p>\n

Latvie\u0161u literat\u016bra norv\u0113\u0123u valod\u0101 diem\u017e\u0113l ir \u013coti maz tulkota. Tikai viens rom\u0101ns, proti, Vi\u013ca L\u0101\u010da Zvejnieka d\u0113ls, kas izn\u0101ca piecdesmitajos gados maz\u0101 komunistisk\u0101 izdevniec\u012bb\u0101. V\u0113l ir izn\u0101kusi viena latvie\u0161u dzejas antolo\u0123ija, Vizmas Bel\u0161evicas dzejas kr\u0101jums, latvie\u0161u pasakas un norv\u0113\u0123u dzejnieka \u0112rlinga Kitelsena tulkot\u0101s \u00a0latvie\u0161u dainas.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Baltistu aprind\u0101s profesors Kristians Stangs\u00a0ir slavens v\u0101rds, it \u012bpa\u0161i vi\u0146a gr\u0101matas \u201eBaltu valodu sal\u012bdzin\u0101m\u0101 gramatika\u201d (Vergleichende Gramatik der baltischen Sprachen\u201d<\/em>) d\u0113\u013c, kas Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 izn\u0101ca 1966. gad\u0101.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Vis\u0101 p\u0113ckara laik\u0101 Oslo Universit\u0101t\u0113 ir bijusi interese par baltu valod\u0101m. Baltistu aprind\u0101s profesors Kristians Stangs (Christian Stang, <\/em>1900\u20131971) ir slavens v\u0101rds, it \u012bpa\u0161i vi\u0146a gr\u0101matas \u201eBaltu valodu sal\u012bdzin\u0101m\u0101 gramatika\u201d (Vergleichende Gramatik der baltischen Sprachen\u201d<\/em>) d\u0113\u013c, kas Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 izn\u0101ca 1966. gad\u0101. Vi\u0146a skolnieks profesors Terje Mat\u012basens (Terje Mathiassen, <\/em>1938\u20131999) ar\u012b daudz p\u0113t\u012bjis baltu valodas un izdevis gan lei\u0161u, gan latvie\u0161u valodas gramatiku ang\u013cu valod\u0101, p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 izn\u0101ca 1997. gad\u0101. Terjes Mat\u012basena sekot\u0101js ir Oslo Universit\u0101tes doktorands un doc\u0113t\u0101js Sturla Bergs-Ulsens (Sturla Berg-Olsen, <\/em>dz. 1973.g.), kas ir veicis iev\u0113rojamu p\u0113t\u012bjumu par latvie\u0161u valodas \u0123enit\u012bva lieto\u0161anas att\u012bst\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Apm\u0113ram divdesmit gadus kop\u0161 1980.gada, Oslo Filharmonijas or\u0137estri vad\u012bja Mariss Jansons un ar savu ieguld\u012bjumu to izveidojis par pasaules l\u012bme\u0146a or\u0137estri. Pateicoties ieguld\u012bjumam, vi\u0146\u0161 ir ar\u012b latvietis, kuru norv\u0113\u0123i paz\u012bst vislab\u0101k.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Atmoda un abu valstu sakaru stiprin\u0101\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

1989. gada vasar\u0101 da\u017ei norv\u0113\u0123u studenti piedal\u012bj\u0101s Latvijas Universit\u0101tes latvie\u0161u valodas vasaras kursos. Iespaidiem bag\u0101ti atgriez\u0101s Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, un 1989. gada 13. septembr\u012b nodibin\u0101ja Kult\u016bras biedr\u012bbu \u201eNorv\u0113\u0123ija-Latvija\u201d (Kulturlaget \u201eNorge-Latvia\u201d<\/em>), kuras m\u0113r\u0137is ir norv\u0113\u0123u un latvie\u0161u kult\u016bras sakaru veicin\u0101\u0161ana. Par t\u0101s pirmo priek\u0161s\u0113d\u0113t\u0101ju k\u013cuva Rikards Berugs . Pirmajos gados \u0161\u012b biedr\u012bba bija \u013coti akt\u012bva un t\u0101 veicin\u0101ja ne vien kult\u016bras apmai\u0146u, bet ar\u012b politiskus sakarus starp ab\u0101m valst\u012bm. 1990. gada vasar\u0101 tika r\u012bkotas norv\u0113\u0123u kult\u016bras dienas Latvij\u0101, kas izrais\u012bja \u013coti lielu interesi. Toties v\u0113l\u0101 ruden\u012b tika r\u012bkotas latvie\u0161u kult\u016bras dienas Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 (galvenok\u0101rt Oslo, Stavanger\u0113 un Bergen\u0101), kur piedal\u012bj\u0101s ap 200 latvie\u0161u m\u0101kslinieku, kult\u016bras darbinieku un politi\u0137u, to starp\u0101 ar\u012b Valdis Muktup\u0101vels, Ieva Akur\u0101tere, Ivars Godmanis un Raimonds Pauls. V\u0113l\u0101k biedr\u012bba nodro\u0161in\u0101ja humanit\u0101ru pal\u012bdz\u012bbu Latvijai, k\u0101 ar\u012b veicin\u0101ja latvie\u0161u speci\u0101listu prakses vietas Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101. P\u0113d\u0113jos gados biedr\u012bba galvenok\u0101rt nodarbojies ar kult\u016bras apmai\u0146u un latvie\u0161u kult\u016bras populariz\u0113\u0161anu Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101. Ar Norv\u0113\u0123ijas \u0100rlietu ministrijas atbalstu biedr\u012bba organiz\u0113ja, daudzu latvie\u0161u jaunie\u0161iu studijas Norv\u0113\u0123ijas tautas augstskol\u0101s.<\/p>\n

\n

1991. gad\u0101 atjaunoja diplom\u0101tiskos sakarus, un 1992. gad\u0101 atkl\u0101ja Norv\u0113\u0123ijas Karalistes v\u0113stniec\u012bbu Latvij\u0101. 1998. gad\u0101 karalis Haralls V un karaliene Sonja bija valsts viz\u012bt\u0113 Latvij\u0101.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s Zieme\u013cvalstis, Norv\u0113\u0123ija bija viena no pirmaj\u0101m valst\u012bm, kas 1991. gad\u0101 atzina Latvijas neatkar\u012bbu. 1991. gad\u0101 atjaunoja diplom\u0101tiskos sakarus, un 1992. gad\u0101 atkl\u0101ja Norv\u0113\u0123ijas Karalistes v\u0113stniec\u012bbu Latvij\u0101. 1998. gad\u0101 karalis Haralls V un karaliene Sonja bija valsts viz\u012bt\u0113 Latvij\u0101. Latvijas Republikas prezidente Vaira V\u012b\u0137e-Freiberga Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 bija valsts viz\u012bt\u0113 2000.g. Norv\u0113\u0123ija l\u012bdz\u0101s p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101m Zieme\u013cvalst\u012bm bija starp pirmaj\u0101m valst\u012bm, kas atzina Latvijas neatkar\u012bbu. Norv\u0113\u0123ijas valsts \u0161aj\u0101 laik\u0101 ir atbalst\u012bjis, un ir sekm\u0113jis Latvijas neatkar\u012bbu un dro\u0161\u012bbu. Latvija ir vien\u0101 dro\u0161\u012bbas alians\u0113 ar Norv\u0113\u0123iju k\u0101 NATO dal\u012bbvalsts, un l\u012bdz\u0101s ar p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101m Zieme\u013cvalst\u012bm Norv\u0113\u0123ija ir atbalst\u012bjusi Baltijas valstu bru\u0146oto sp\u0113ku att\u012bst\u012bbu. Ar Latvijas iest\u0101\u0161anos Eiropas Savien\u012bb\u0101 latvie\u0161iem ir viegli sa\u0146emt darba un uztur\u0113\u0161an\u0101s at\u013cauju Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101 un otr\u0101di. Norv\u0113\u0123ija v\u0113l vair\u0101kus gadus sniegs Latvijai lielu ekonomisku atbalstu caur Eiropas Ekonomisk\u0101s Asoci\u0101cijas fondiem.<\/p>\n

Vair\u0101ki apg\u0101di, piem\u0113ram, \u201eAt\u0113na\u201d, \u201eNorden AB\u201d, \u201eNordik\u201d, \u201eZvaigzne ABC\u201d un \u201eDaugava\u201d izdod norv\u0113\u0123u un citu zieme\u013cvalstu dai\u013cliterat\u016bru. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c m\u016bsdienu norv\u0113\u0123u autori, piem\u0113ram,\u00a0 Herbjerga Vasm\u016b (Herbj\u00f8rg Wasmo<\/em>), \u0112riks Fosness-Hansens (Erik Fosnes Hansen<\/em>), Justeins Gorders (Jostein Gaarder<\/em>), Eisteins Lenns (\u00d8ystein L\u00f8nn<\/em>) un citi, ir paz\u012bstami. Apg\u0101ds \u201eNorden AB\u201d ir turkl\u0101t izdevis norv\u0113\u0123u valodas gramatiku, v\u0101rdn\u012bcu, \u012bpa\u0161v\u0101rdu atveides v\u0101rdn\u012bcu un sarunv\u0101rdn\u012bcu.<\/p>\n

Zieme\u013cu Ministru padomes birojs Latvij\u0101, kas ir darbojusies Latvij\u0101, kop\u0161 pa\u0161iem s\u0101kumiem, Rikarda Beruga izcil\u0101 vad\u012bb\u0101 pirmajos gados, r\u012bko pas\u0101kumus un sekm\u0113 sadarb\u012bbu kult\u016bras, vides un soci\u0101laj\u0101 jom\u0101. Zieme\u013cvalstu literat\u016bras bibliot\u0113k\u0101 ir norv\u0113\u0123u gr\u0101matas un tiek r\u012bkoti kult\u016bras pas\u0101kumi. To organiz\u0113 ar\u012b Latvijas Kult\u016bras akad\u0113mijas Nordistikas centrs, kur ir ar\u012b norv\u0113\u0123u un citu zieme\u013cvalstu valodu m\u016b\u017eizgl\u012bt\u012bbas kursi. Valmier\u0101, R\u0113zekn\u0113 un Zieme\u013cvalstu \u0123imn\u0101zij\u0101 R\u012bg\u0101 var m\u0101c\u012bties norv\u0113\u0123u valodu. Universit\u0101tes l\u012bmen\u012b \u00a0norv\u0113\u0123u valodu var stud\u0113t Latvijas Universit\u0101t\u0113 un Latvijas Kult\u016bras akad\u0113mij\u0101. Simtiem latvie\u0161u ir dz\u012bvoju\u0161i Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, piedaloties skol\u0113nu apmai\u0146as programm\u0101s, m\u0101coties tautas augstskol\u0101s un stud\u0113jot augstskol\u0101s.<\/p>\n

T\u016brisms starp ab\u0101m valst\u012bm ar\u012b nav mazs. Kop\u0161 2004. gada AirBaltic <\/em>veic tie\u0161os lidojumus starp R\u012bgu un Oslo. Teju vai ikkatra Latvijas t\u016brisma firma pied\u0101v\u0101 braucienus uz Norv\u0113\u0123iju. Autobusu skaits, kas ir\u00a0 p\u0101rripojis norv\u0113\u0123u kalniem, nav nek\u0101ds mazais. Maz\u0101 latvie\u0161u tauta ir starp 10 n\u0101cij\u0101m, kas visvair\u0101k apmekl\u0113ju\u0161as Edvarda Griga (Edvard Grieg<\/em>) m\u0101ju \u201eTrollheugene\u201d (Trollhaugen<\/em>) Bergen\u0101!<\/p>\n

Ir vair\u0101ki pa\u0161vald\u012bbu sadraudz\u012bbas projekti, piem\u0113ram,\u00a0 ir sadarb\u012bba starp \u0100rend\u0101li (Arendal<\/em>) un R\u0113zekni, starp Alla\u017eiem un V\u0113g\u014d\u0161heiu (Veg\u00e5rdshei<\/em>),\u00a0 un starp Valmieras rajonu un Opplannes filki. Daudzi norv\u0113\u0123u un latvie\u0161u kori un deju ansamb\u013ci draudz\u0113jas. Jau desmit gadus r\u012bko kop\u012bgu Zieme\u013cvalstu un Baltijas valstu kora festiv\u0101lu.<\/p>\n

Ir lielas norv\u0113\u0123u invest\u012bcijas Latvij\u0101. Uz iel\u0101m redzam norv\u0113\u0123u veikalus daudz\u0101s Latvijas pils\u0113t\u0101s. No Norv\u0113\u0123ijas Latvija import\u0113 zivis, naftas produktus un tehniku, bet Norv\u0113\u0123ija no Latvijas koksni, \u0137\u012bmiskos produktus un tekstilu izstr\u0101d\u0101jumus.<\/p>\n

\n

M\u016bsdien\u0101s starp Norv\u0113\u0123iju un Latviju ir \u013coti cie\u0161as saites. Neap\u0161aub\u0101mi, stipr\u0101k nek\u0101 jebkad agr\u0101k.<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M\u016bsdien\u0101s starp Norv\u0113\u0123iju un Latviju ir \u013coti cie\u0161as saites. Neap\u0161aub\u0101mi, stipr\u0101k nek\u0101 jebkad agr\u0101k. Sadarb\u012bba ir pla\u0161a, ne tikai valsts l\u012bmen\u012b, starp pa\u0161vald\u012bb\u0101m, organiz\u0101cij\u0101m un uz\u0146\u0113mumiem, bet, jo svar\u012bg\u0101k, starp abu valstu iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem.<\/p>\n

2005<\/em><\/p>\n

Literat\u016bra<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Garstein, Oskar. Klosterlasse. Stormfuglen som ville gjenerobre Norden for katolisismen. Oslo: Thorleif Dahls Kulturbibliotek, 1998.<\/li>\n
  • Igals, Fr. Kurzemnieku kolonijas Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101. \/\/ Br\u012bvas Zemes Ilustr\u0113tais Pielikums – 1934. – Nr. 21-23.<\/li>\n
  • Jordan, Sabine. Niederdeutsches im Lettischen. Bielefeld: Verlag f\u00fcr Regionalgeschichte, 1995.<\/li>\n
  • Karkonens-Svensons, Snorre. Norv\u0113\u0123u dramatur\u0123ija un t\u0101s interpret\u0101cija Baltijas valst\u012bs\/\/ Norv\u0113\u0123u dramatur\u0123ija un t\u0101s interpret\u0101cija Baltijas valst\u012bs (sast. S. Karkonens-Svensons). R\u012bga: Norden AB, 2004. 15.-24. lpp.<\/li>\n
  • Kr\u016bmi\u0146\u0161, Kri\u0161j\u0101nis. Nevalstisk\u0101s organiz\u0101cijas Norv\u0113\u0123ij\u0101, kuras veicina sakarus starp Norv\u0113\u0123iju un Latviju.\u00a0\u00a0Latvijas Kult\u016bras akad\u0113mijas bakalaura darbs. R\u012bga: manuskripts, 2004.<\/li>\n
  • L\u0101ms, Edgars. M\u016b\u017e\u012bgais romantisms. J\u0101\u0146a Akuratera dz\u012bves un dai\u013crades lappuses. R\u012bga: Zin\u0101tne, 2003.<\/li>\n
  • Nu\u0137e, Anita. Norv\u0113\u0123ijas trimdas periods K\u0101r\u013ca Skalbes dz\u012bv\u0113 un dai\u013crad\u0113. LKA Bakalaura darbs. R\u012bga: manuskripts, 2000.<\/li>\n
  • Okkupasjon av Holberg\/\/Dagbladet, 9. februar 1933, Nr 33, side 2<\/li>\n
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  • Rupj\u0101, Sintija. Norv\u0113\u0123ijas un Latvijas politisk\u0101s attiec\u012bbas no 1918.\u20132004. gadam. Latvijas Kult\u016bras akad\u0113mijas Bakalaura darbs. R\u012bga: manuskripts, 2004.<\/li>\n
  • Simensen, Jarle (Hrsg.). Deutschland-Norwegen. Die lange Geschichte. Oslo: Tano Aschehoug, 1999.<\/li>\n
  • Stepi\u0146\u0161 Laimonis. Latvie\u0161u un norv\u0113\u0123u liter\u0101rie sakari. \u2013 R\u012bga: [manuskripts], 1987.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0160is teksts pirmo reizi tika public\u0113ts k\u0101 p\u0113cv\u0101rds gr\u0101mat\u0101\u00a0Norv\u0113\u0123ijas v\u0113sture (autori: E.\u00a0St\u0113nersens E., \u012a. L\u012bbeks), kuru\u00a02005. gad\u0101 izdeva\u00a0apg\u0101ds Norden AB, \u00a0(181.\u2013190. lpp.) T\u0101 k\u0101 pats neeesmu v\u0113sturnieks, tekstu p\u0101rskat\u012bja v\u0113stures doktors Juris Goldmanis. P\u0113d\u0113jos desmit gados daudz k\u0101 vair\u0101k noticis, bet teksts, iesp\u0113jams, tom\u0113r var\u0113s sniegt\u00a0ieskatu par laiku l\u012bdz 2005. gadam Pirmoreiz izn\u0101k Norv\u0113\u0123ijas v\u0113sture latviski, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di atz\u012bm\u0113jot Norv\u0113\u0123ijas valstisk\u0101s…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":372,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[12],"tags":[47,50,53,63,64,95,93],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/364"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=364"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/364\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":628,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/364\/revisions\/628"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/372"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/snorreks.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}